enses, and he grasped at
Kant's discovery of the difference between Understanding and Reason,
in order to retire upon a metaphysical basis of religion and morality,
and to withstand the prudential calculus. We are inclined to suggest
that Mr. Stephen, who does little more than glance at Coleridge's
position, has underestimated his influence upon the intellectual
direction of politics in the first half of this century. Coleridge
certainly provided an antidote to the crudity of eager Radicalism in
Church and State, and his ideas may be recognised not only in the
great High Church movement that was stirred up by the Tractarians, but
also in the larger comprehension of the duties and attributes of the
State that has been slowly gaining ground up to our own day.

It is, indeed, the growth and development of English opinion regarding
these public duties and attributes, as it is traced in Mr. Stephen's
book, that forms, in our opinion, its chief value; and we are
reviewing it mainly as a history of political ideas. This is, we
believe, the practical outcome of the increasing feeling of sympathy
between different classes of the community, of a sense of
responsibility, of what is called altruism, of solidarity among all
the diverse interests that have lately characterised our legislation:

'The two great rival theories of the functions of the State
are--the theory which was for so many years dominant in England,
and which may for convenience be called the Individualist theory;
and the theory which is stated most fully and powerfully by the
Greek philosophers, which we may call the Socialist theory. The
Individualist theory regards the State as a purely utilitarian
institution, a mere means to an end.... It represents the State as
existing mainly for the protection of property and personal
liberty, and as having therefore no concern with the private life
and character of the citizen, except in so far as these may make
him dangerous to the material welfare of his neighbour.

'The Greek theory, on the other hand, though it likewise regards
the State as a means to certain ends, regards it as something
more.... According to this theory, no department of life is outside
the scope of politics; and a healthy State is at once the end at
which the science aims, and the engine by which its decrees are
carried out.'[29]

Accepting this passage as a phil