tnote 51: Omnes de Burgundia, et Alvernia, et Vasconia, et Gothi,
(of Languedoc,) provinciales appellabantur, caeteri vero Francigenae
et hoc in exercitu; inter hostes autem Franci dicebantur. Raymond des
Agiles, p. 144.]

[Footnote 52: The town of his birth, or first appanage, was consecrated
to St Aegidius, whose name, as early as the first crusade, was corrupted
by the French into St. Gilles, or St. Giles. It is situate in the Iowen
Languedoc, between Nismes and the Rhone, and still boasts a collegiate
church of the foundation of Raymond, (Melanges tires d'une Grande
Bibliotheque, tom. xxxvii. p 51.)]

[Footnote 53: The mother of Tancred was Emma, sister of the great Robert
Guiscard; his father, the Marquis Odo the Good. It is singular enough,
that the family and country of so illustrious a person should be
unknown; but Muratori reasonably conjectures that he was an Italian, and
perhaps of the race of the marquises of Montferrat in Piedmont, (Script.
tom. v. p. 281, 282.)]

[Footnote 54: To gratify the childish vanity of the house of Este. Tasso
has inserted in his poem, and in the first crusade, a fabulous hero,
the brave and amorous Rinaldo, (x. 75, xvii. 66-94.) He might borrow his
name from a Rinaldo, with the Aquila bianca Estense, who vanquished,
as the standard-bearer of the Roman church, the emperor Frederic I.,
(Storia Imperiale di Ricobaldo, in Muratori Script. Ital. tom. ix. p.
360. Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, iii. 30.) But, 1. The distance of sixty
years between the youth of the two Rinaldos destroys their identity. 2.
The Storia Imperiale is a forgery of the Conte Boyardo, at the end of
the xvth century, (Muratori, p. 281-289.) 3. This Rinaldo, and his
exploits, are not less chimerical than the hero of Tasso, (Muratori,
Antichita Estense, tom. i. p. 350.)]

Chapter LVIII: The First Crusade.--Part III.

Between the age of Charlemagne and that of the crusades, a revolution
had taken place among the Spaniards, the Normans, and the French,
which was gradually extended to the rest of Europe. The service of the
infantry was degraded to the plebeians; the cavalry formed the strength
of the armies, and the honorable name of miles, or soldier, was confined
to the gentlemen [55] who served on horseback, and were invested with
the character of knighthood. The dukes and counts, who had usurped
the rights of sovereignty, divided the provinces among their faithful
barons: the barons distributed among their va