and opiates from
Afghanistan going to Russia and Western Europe; limited illicit
cultivation of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption

Tanzania:
growing role in transshipment of Southwest and Southeast
Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for South African,
European, and US markets and of South Asian methaqualone bound for
Southern Africa

Thailand:
a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; illicit
transit point for heroin en route to the international drug market
from Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area of
cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring
countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication
efforts; also a drug money-laundering center; minor role in
amphetamine production for regional consumption; increasing
indigenous abuse of methamphetamine

Togo:
transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers

Trinidad and Tobago:
transshipment point for South American drugs
destined for the US and Europe; producer of cannabis

Turkey:
key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western
Europe and - to a far lesser extent the US - via air, land, and sea
routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international trafficking
organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert
imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of Turkey
as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict controls over
areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw
concentrate

Turkmenistan:
limited illicit cultivator of opium poppy, mostly for
domestic consumption; limited government eradication program;
increasingly used as transshipment point for illicit drugs from
Southwest Asia to Russia and Western Europe; also a transshipment
point for acetic anhydride destined for Afghanistan

Turks and Caicos Islands:
transshipment point for South American
narcotics destined for the US and Europe

Ukraine:
limited cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for
CIS consumption; some synthetic drug production for export to West;
limited government eradication program; used as transshipment point
for opiates and other illicit drugs from Africa, Latin America, and
Turkey, and to Europe and Russia; drug-related money laundering a
minor, but growing, problem

United Arab Emirates:
growing role as heroin transshipment and
mone