/9,088,451 DWT

ships by type: bulk 140, cargo 242, chemical tanker 41, combination
bulk 5, combination ore/oil 6, container 21, liquefied gas 6,
passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 43, refrigerated cargo 3, roll
on/roll off 25, short-sea passenger 10, specialized tanker 5 (2000
est.)

Airports: 121 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 86

over 3,047 m: 16

2,438 to 3,047 m: 29

1,524 to 2,437 m: 19

914 to 1,523 m: 16

under 914 m: 6 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 35

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 8

under 914 m: 26 (2000 est.)

Heliports: 2 (2000 est.)

Turkey Military

Military branches: Land Force, Navy (includes Naval Air and Naval
Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie

Military manpower - military age: 20 years of age

Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 18,882,272 (2001
est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49:
11,432,438 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 674,805
(2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure: $10.6 billion (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 5.6% (FY99)

Turkey Transnational Issues

Disputes - international: complex maritime, air, and territorial
disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Greece;
dispute with downstream riparian states (Syria and Iraq) over water
development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; traditional
demands regarding former Armenian lands in Turkey have subsided

Illicit drugs: key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to
Western Europe and - to a far lesser extent the US - via air, land,
and sea routes; major Turkish, Iranian, and other international
trafficking organizations operate out of Istanbul; laboratories to
convert imported morphine base into heroin are in remote regions of
Turkey as well as near Istanbul; government maintains strict
controls over areas of legal opium poppy cultivation and output of
poppy straw concentrate

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@Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan Introduction

Background: Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan
became a Soviet republic in 1925. It achieved its independence upon
the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV retains
absolute control over the country and opposition is not tolerated.
Extensive hydrocarbon/