urfaced, and
include, in addition to conventionally paved roads, some that are
surfaced with gravel or other coarse aggregate, making them
trafficable in all weather)

unpaved: 8,500 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and
are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)

Waterways: none

Pipelines: natural gas 400 km (1992)

Ports and harbors: none

Airports: 53 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 2

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 51

over 3,047 m: 1

1,524 to 2,437 m: 2

914 to 1,523 m: 12

under 914 m: 36 (2000 est.)

Tajikistan Military

Military branches: Army, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Presidential
National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age

Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 1,586,700 (2001
est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49:
1,300,252 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 72,056
(2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure: $17 million (FY97)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.8% (FY97)

Tajikistan Transnational Issues

Disputes - international: portions of Tajikistan's northern and
western border with Uzbekistan and its eastern border with China
have not been officially demarcated; territorial dispute with
Kyrgyzstan on northern boundary in Isfara Valley area

Illicit drugs: major transshipment zone for heroin and opiates from
Afghanistan going to Russia and Western Europe; limited illicit
cultivation of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption

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@Tanzania

Tanzania Introduction

Background: Shortly after independence, Tanganyika and Zanzibar
merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule came
to an end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the
country since the 1970s. Zanzibar's semi-autonomous status and
popular opposition have led to two contentious elections since 1995,
which the ruling party won despite international observers' claims
of voting irregularities.

Tanzania Geography

Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya
and Mozambique

Geographic coordinates: 6 00 S, 35 00 E

Map references: Africa

Area: total: 945,087 sq km

land: 88