Death of Michael, Emperor of Russia; Alexis succeeds.

1646. Charles I delivers himself to the Scots; the Marquis of Montrose,
who had been operating in Scotland against the Covenanters, capitulates
to the Roundheads.

Battle of Jankau; victory of Torstenson; Hatzfeld, the Imperial general,
captured. The Duc d'Enghien and Turenne near Noerdlingen.

1647. Insurrection of Masaniello in Naples. See "MASANIELLO'S REVOLT AT
NAPLES," xi, 253.

Charles I, being handed over to the Parliamentarians by the Scots,
imprisoned.

A truce arranged between the Elector of Bavaria and the Swedes and
French.

Peter Stuyvesant appointed governor of New Amsterdam.

Huygens invents and applies the pendulum to clocks.

Founding of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, by George Fox, England.

1648. Rising of the Royalists in England; the Scots, who had taken up
arms for Charles, are defeated by Cromwell. The Long Parliament driven
from its chambers by Cromwell.

Recognition of the independence of Holland by Spain.

End of Thirty Years' War. See "PEACE OF WESTPHALIA," xi, 285.

Insurrection in Paris against Prime-Minister Mazarin: Day of the
Barricades.

1649. Execution of Charles I. His son Charles proclaimed king in
Scotland. England becomes a commonwealth; Cromwell Lord Lieutenant of
Ireland. See "GREAT CIVIL WAR IN ENGLAND," xi, 311.

Imprisonment of George Fox, founder of the Society of Friends, at
Nottingham.

Civil war of the Fronde; the Treaty of Reuil ends it.

"CROMWELL'S CAMPAIGN IN IRELAND." See xi, 335.

Passage of the Act of Toleration in Maryland. See "RELIGIOUS TOLERATION
PROCLAIMED IN MARYLAND," xi, 303.

1650. Montrose lands in Scotland to aid the Scot forces of Charles II;
he is defeated, taken prisoner, and hanged. Cromwell passes the Tweed;
Battle of Dunbar, victory of Cromwell.

Mazarin orders the princes of Conde and Conti and the Duke of
Longueville to be imprisoned.

Invention of the air-pump by Otto von Guericke. (Date uncertain.)

Possession of the Cape of Good Hope taken by the Dutch.

Settlement of North Carolina.

1651. Battle of Worcester; defeat of Charles II; flight of the King. See
"GREAT CIVIL WAR IN ENGLAND," xi, 311.

Passage of the Navigation Act, which was disastrous to the trade of
England's American colonies.

Mazarin banished France; peace ensues.

Massachusetts adopts the Cambridge Platform, a declaration of principles
respecting church government.

1652. War between