nship more than required of a representative. As
the Senate acts with the president in making treaties, this requirement
seems none too great.

[3] The propriety of this is self-evident. (I. 2: 2.)

_Clause 4.--Presiding Officer._

_The vice-president of the United States shall be president of the
Senate,[1] but shall have no vote,[2] unless they be equally divided.[3]_

[1] This arrangement was made for three reasons:

First. It would give the vice-president something to do.

Second. Partaking in the executive business of the Senate would give the
vice-president excellent training for the duties of the presidency, in
case he should be called thereto.

Third. The equality of power among the states would remain undisturbed.
Had it been arranged that the Senate should choose its own presiding
officer from among its members, one state might thereby gain (or lose)
power in the Senate.

[2] Because he is not a member of the Senate. For this reason, also, he
cannot take part in debates, nor can he appoint committees. These are
elected by the Senate itself.

[3] But for his casting vote; a "dead-lock" might occur on some important
question. This "might give rise to dangerous feuds, or intrigues, and
create state or national agitations."

_Clause 5.--Other Officers._

_The Senate shall choose their other officers,[1] and also a president pro
tempore,[2] in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall
exercise the office of president of the United States._

[1] These are similar to those of the House. (See p. 131.)

[2] The president _pro tempore_ is chosen from among the senators. Being a
senator, he can debate and vote upon any question. He cannot, of course,
give a "casting vote," because that would virtually give him two votes.

The president _pro tempore_ serves during the pleasure of the Senate, or
until the expiration of his senatorial term.

It is the general practice for the vice-president to vacate his chair at
the beginning of the session, to permit the Senate to chose a president
_pro tempore_, so that if during vacation the vice-president should become
president, the Senate might not be without a presiding officer. Until
recently this was quite important, for the president _pro tempore_ of the
Senate was next to the vice-president in the succession to the presidency.
But the succession has been changed. (See p. 190.)

_Clause 6.--Impeachment._

_The Senate shall have the sole power to try