ing, and Oxford University, and Dr. Johnson; while his
administration was assailed with a host of libels from Wilkes,
Churchill, and other kindred firebrands.

His main act was the peace he secured to Europe. The Whigs railed at
it then, and rail at it now; and Macaulay falls in with the
lamentation of his party, and regrets that no better terms should have
been made. But what can satisfy the ambition of England? The peace of
Paris, in 1763, stipulated that Canada, with the Island of St. John,
and Cape Breton, and all that part of Louisiana which lies east of the
Mississippi, except New Orleans, should be ceded to Great Britain, and
that the fortifications of Dunkirk should be destroyed; that Spain
should relinquish her claim to fish on the Banks of Newfoundland,
should permit the English to cut mahogany on the shores of Honduras
Bay, and cede Florida and Minorca to Great Britain. In return for
these things, the French were permitted to fish on the Banks of
Newfoundland, and the Islands of Martinique, Guadaloupe, Belleisle,
and St. Lucia were restored to them, and Cuba was restored to Spain.

[Sidenote: Peace of Paris.]

The peace of Paris, in 1763, constitutes an epoch; and we hence turn
to survey the condition of France since the death of Louis XIV., and
also other continental powers.

* * * * *

REFERENCES.--Archdeacon Coxe's History of the Pelham
Administration. Thackeray's Life of Lord Chatham. Macaulay's
Essay on Chatham. Horace Walpole's Reminiscences. Smyth's
Lectures on Modern History. Jesse's Memoirs of the
Pretenders. Graham's History of the United States, an
exceedingly valuable work, but not sufficiently known. Lord
Mahon's, Smollett's, Tyndal's, and Belsham's, are the
standard histories of England, at this period; also, the
continuation of Mackintosh, and the Pictorial History, are
valuable. See also the Marchmont Papers, Ray's History of
the Rebellion, Horace Walpole's Memoirs of George II., Lord
Waldegrave's Memoirs, and Doddington's Diary.

CHAPTER XXII.

LOUIS XV.

The reign of Louis XV. was one of the longest on record extending from
1715 to 1774--the greater part of the eighteenth century. But he was a
child, only five years of age, on the death of his great grandfather,
Louis XIV.; and, even after he came to his majority, he was ruled by
his ministers and his mistresses. He was not, like Lou