ndu Castes and Sects_, pp. 19-21.

[420] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 487.

[421] _Rajasthan_, i. p. 698.

[422] At that time L12,500 or more, now about L8000.

[423] _Tribes and Castes of the North-West Provinces and Oudh_, s.v.

[424] _Early History of India_, 3rd ed. p. 376.

[425] _Ibidem_, p. 385.

[426] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Kanaujia.

[427] _Bombay Gazetteer, Hindus of Gujarat_, p. 11.

[428] _Bombay Gazetteer, Satara_, p. 54.

[429] Bhattacharya, _Hindu Castes and Sects_, p. 47.

[430] _Ibidem_, p. 48.

[431] From Mr. Gopal Datta Joshi's paper.

[432] _Rasmala_, ii. p. 233.

[433] _Rasmala_, ii. p. 259.

[434] _Tribes and Castes_, art. Sanadhya.

[435] Crooke, _ibidem_, paras. 3 and 6.

[436] _Eastern India_, ii. 472, quoted in Mr. Crooke's art. Sarwaria.

[437] Stirling's description of Orissa in _As. Res_. vol. xv. p. 199,
quoted in _Hindu Castes and Sects_.

[438] _Hindu Castes and Sects_, p. 63.

[439] This article is compiled from papers by Mr. Wali Muhammad,
Tahsildar of Khurai, and Kanhya Lal, clerk in the Gazetteer office.

[440] This article is based on the Rev. E. M. Gordon's _Indian
Folk-Tales_ (London, Elliott & Stock, 1908), and the Central
Provinces _Monograph on the Leather Industry_, by Mr. C. G. Chenevix
Trench, C.S.; with extracts from Sir H. H. Risley's and Mr. Crooke's
descriptions of the caste, and from the _Berar Census Report_ (1881);
on information collected for the District Gazetteers; and papers
by Messrs. Durga Prasad Pande, Tahsildar, Raipur; Ram Lal, Deputy
Inspector of Schools, Saugor; Govind Vithal Kane, Naib-Tahsildar,
Wardha; Balkrishna Ramchandra Bakhle, Tahsildar, Mandla; Sitaram,
schoolmaster, Balaghat; and Kanhya Lal of the Gazetteer office. Some
of the material found in Mr. Gordon's book was obtained independently
by the writer in Bilaspur before its publication and is therefore
not specially acknowledged.

[441] There are other genealogies showing the Chamar as the offspring
of various mixed unions.

[442] _Bombay Gazetteer_, vol. xv. Kanara, p. 355.

[443] The Hindus say that there are five classes of women, Padmini,
Hastini, Chitrani and Shunkhini being the first four, and of these
Padmini is the most perfect. No details of the other classes are
given. _Rasmala_, i. p. 160.

[444] _Punjab Census Report_ (1881), p. 320.

[445] _Tribes and Castes of Bengal_, art. Chamar.

[446] _Loc. cit._

[447] From Mr. Gordon's paper.

[448] _Monograph on