three principal paths attempted by the
Russian artists. But for half a century, art has found a national
expression for itself. At the end of the Eighteenth and beginning of
the Nineteenth Century, the principal representatives of religious
and historical painting were Losenko (died in 1773), Antropov (died
in 1792), Akimov (died in 1814), Ugriumov (died in 1823), Levizki
(died in 1822), Ivanov (died in 1823), and Moschov (died in 1839).
The landscape and marine painters of greatest repute are Sim. and
Sil. Schtchedrin (the first died in 1804, and the second in 1830),
Pritchetnikov (died in 1809), F. Alekseiev (died in 1824). Academic
painting was cultivated principally by Tropinin (died in 1827),
Warnek (died in 1843), Lebediev (died in 1837), Worobiev (died
in 1855), K. Rabus (died in 1857), Bruni (died in 1875), Markov
(died in 1878), A. Beidemann (died in 1869) and Willewalde. The
chief painter of the romantic school is K. Brullov, who formed
a school and had numerous scholars. Other romantic painters of
repute are Bronnikov and various landscape and marine painters
such as Aivasovski, Bogolnibov, L. Lagorio and A. Mechtcherski.
Religious and popular painting has A. Ivanov for its representative.
The principal realistic painters in genre and historical painting
are Fedotov, Makovski, Perov, Polenor, Vereschagin, etc.

[Illustration: STATUE OF PETER THE GREAT AND THE ADMIRALTY PALACE,
ST. PETERSBURG.]

Ornamental sculpture seems to be superior to statuary in Russia:
it is abundantly practised in the decoration of churches; the
innumerable chapels standing at the street corners in honour of some
saint possess icons and lamps of bronze and silver; the iconostases
of the cathedrals are extremely rich,--gold, silver-gilt, silver,
lapis-lazuli, malachite and enamel-work are lavishly employed there.
In the churches of Saint Isaac and the Saviour there are many admirable
and veritable _chefs d'oeuvre_ of originality and brilliancy to be
found. The industry of bronze and goldsmith's work in religious
objects is very flourishing and gives occupation to numerous workmen
and artists in Moscow and St. Petersburg. An imperial manufactory
produces the mosaics which occupy such a great place in the decoration
of the churches.

Industrial arts are very prosperous in Russia and have made great
progress during the last century: silken goods are no longer imported
from Lyons; and the Russian cabinet-makers produce beautiful furnitu