rdwainers of Philadelphia struck. By 1834 strikes were so
prevalent that the New York Daily Advertiser declared them to be "all
the fashion." These demonstrations were all small affairs compared with
the strikes that disorganized industry after the Civil War or those
that swept the country in successive waves in the late seventies,
the eighties, and the nineties. The United States Bureau of Labor has
tabulated the strike statistics for the twenty-five year period from
1881 to 1905. This list discloses the fact that 38,303 strikes and
lockouts occurred, involving 199,954 establishments and 7,444,279
employees. About 2,000,000 other employees were thrown out of work as an
indirect result. In 1894, the year of the great Pullman strike, 610,425
men were out of work at one time; and 659,792 in 1902. How much time and
money these ten million wage-earners lost, and their employers lost,
and society lost, can never be computed, nor how much nervous energy was
wasted, good will thrown to the winds, and mutual suspicion created.

The increase of union influence is apparent, for recognition of the
union has become more frequently a cause for strikes. * Moreover, while
the unions were responsible for about 47 per cent of the strikes in
1881, they had originated, directly or indirectly, 75 per cent in 1905.
More significant, indeed, is the fact that striking is a growing habit.
In 1903, for instance, there were 3494 strikes, an average of about ten
a day.

* The cause of the strikes tabulated by the Bureau of Labor is
shown in the following table of percentages:

1881 1891 1901 1905
For increase of wages: 61 27 29 32
Against reduction of wages: 10 11 4 5
For reduction in hours: 3 5 7 5
Recognition of Union: 6 14 28 31

Preparedness is the watchword of the Unions in this warfare. They have
generals and captains, a war chest and relief committees, as well as
publicity agents and sympathy scouts whose duty it is to enlist
the interest of the public. Usually the leaders of the unions are
conservative and deprecate violence. But a strike by its very nature
offers an opportunity to the lawless. The destruction of property and
the coercion of workmen have been so prevalent in the past that, in the
public mind, violence has become universally associated with strikes.
Judge Jenkins, of the United St