sed on community of wives and
property with state-control of population and universal military
training. In every detail of life the citizen is to be under authority,
and the authority of the administrators is to be based on the degree of
knowledge possessed by each. The state is, therefore, an artificial
organism for the promotion of individual and collective good. In
contrast to More's _Utopia_, the work is cold and abstract, and lacking
in practical detail. On the view taken as to his alleged complicity in
the conspiracy of 1599 depends the vexed question as to whether this
system was a philosophic dream, or a serious attempt to sketch a
constitution for Naples in the event of her becoming a free city. The
_De Monarchia Hispanica_ contains an able account of contemporary
politics especially Spanish.

Thus Campanella, though neither an original nor a systematic thinker, is
among the precursors, on the one hand, of modern empirical science, and
on the other of Descartes and Spinoza. Yet his fondness for the
antithesis of Being and Not-being (_Ens_ and _Non-ens_) shows that he
had not shaken off the spirit of scholastic thought.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--For his works see Quetif-Echard, appendix to E.S.
Cypriano, _Vita Campanellae_ (Amsterdam, 1705 and 1722); Al.
d'Ancona's edition, with introduction (Turin, 1854). The most
important are _De sensu rerum_ (1620); _Realis philosophiae
epilogisticae partes IV._ (with _Civitas Solis_) (1623); _Atheismus
triumphatus_ (1631); _Philos. rationalis_ (1637); _Philos. universalis
seu metaph._ (1637); _De Monarchia Hispanica_ (1640). For his life,
see Cypriano (above); M. Baldachini, _Vita e filos. di Tommaso
Campanella_ (Naples, 1840-1853, 1847-1857); Dom. Berti, _Lettere
inedite di T. Campanella e catalogo dei suoi scritti_ (1878); and
_Nuovi documenti di T.C._ (1881); and especially L. Amabile, _Fra T.
Campanella_ (3 vols., Naples, 1882). For his philosophy H. Ritter,
_History of Philos._; M. Carriere, _Philos. Weltanschauung d.
Reformationszeit_, pp. 542-608; C. Dareste, _Th. Morus et Campanella_
(Paris, 1843); Chr. Sigwart, _Kleine Schriften_, i. 125 seq.; and
histories of philosophy. For his political philosophy, A. Calenda,
_Fra Tommaso Campanella e la sua dottrina sociale e politica di fronte
al socialismo moderno_ (Nocera Inferiore, 1895). His poems, first
published by Tobias Adami (1622), were rediscovered and printed again
(1834) by J.G. O