sly made response of seeing
a dimple in a cheek, and so leads to the word "cheek". In a controlled
association test, where opposites are required, the stimulus word
"mythical" arouses the previously made observation of the antithesis
of mythical and historical, and so leads to the motor response of
saying the latter word.

[Footnote: When, however, this indirect linkage between stimulus and
motor response is frequently exercised, short-circuiting takes place
(see p. 338), and the stimulus word arouses the motor response
directly. Short-circuiting follows the law of combination very
nicely. Let a stimulus S arouse an idea I and this in turn a motor
act M. S--I--M represents the linkages used. But undoubtedly there
is a weak pre-existing linkage directly across from S to M, and this
gets used to a slight degree, strictly according to the conditioned
reflex diagram, with I playing the part of the effective stimulus in
arousing M, and S the part of the originally ineffective stimulus.
By dint of being exercised in this way, the linkage S--M becomes
strong enough to arouse the motor response directly, and I is then
very likely to be left out altogether.]

{406}

2. Response by analogy and association by similarity.

When an object reminds me of a similar object, that is association by
similarity. But suppose I actually take the object to be the similar
object, and behave towards it accordingly; then my reaction is called
"response by analogy". Once, when far from home, I saw a man whom I
took to be an acquaintance from my home town, and stepped up to him,
extending my hand. He did not appear very enthusiastic, and informed
me that, in his opinion, I had made a mistake. This was response by
analogy, but if I had simply said to myself that that man looked like
my acquaintance, that would have been association by similarity.
Really, association by similarity is the more complex response, for it
involves response to the points of newness in the present object, as
well as to the points of resemblance to the familiar object, whereas
response by analogy consists simply in responding to the points of
resemblance.

Response by analogy often appears in little children, as when they
call all men "papa"' or as when they call the squirrel a "kitty" when
first seen. If they call it a "funny kitty", that is practically
association by similarity, since the word "funny" is a response to the
points in which