th the flood, there was comparatively little that they
could do. Much, however, could be learned with the aid of Aina from the
Martians, now crowded on the land about the palace.

The results of these discoveries will in due time appear, fully
elaborated in learned and authoritative treatises prepared by these
savants themselves. I shall only call attention to one, which seemed
to me very remarkable. I have already said that there were astonishing
differences in the personal appearance of the Martians, evidently
arising from differences of character and education, which had impressed
themselves in the physical aspect of the individuals.

We now learned that these differences were more completely the result
of education than we had at first supposed.

Looking about among the Martians by whom we were surrounded, it soon
became easy for us to tell who were the soldiers and who were the
civilians, simply by the appearance of their bodies, and particularly of
their heads. All members of the military class resembled, to a greater
or less extent, the monarch himself, in that those parts of their skulls
which our phrenologists had designated as the bumps of destructiveness,
combativeness and so on were enormously and disproportionately developed.

And all this, as we were assured, was completely under the control of the
Martians themselves. They had learned, or invented, methods by which the
brain itself could be manipulated, so to speak, and any desired portions
of it could be specially developed, while the other parts of it were left
to their normal growth. The consequence was that in the Martian schools
and colleges there was no teaching in our sense of the word. It was all
brain culture.

A Martian youth selected to be a soldier had his fighting faculties
especially developed, together with those parts of the brain which impart
courage and steadiness of nerve. He who was intended for scientific
investigation had his brain developed into a mathematical machine, or
an instrument of observation. Poets and literary men had their heads
bulging with the imaginative faculties. The heads of inventors were
developed into a still different shape.

"And so," said Aina, translating for us the words of a professor in
the Imperial University of Mars, from whom we derived the greater part
of our information on this subject, "the Martian boys do not study
a subject; they do not have to learn it, but, when their brains have
been suffi