in, and France landed a force at Ancona to
check Austria.

The Chartist movement in England assumed a definite organized form; Lord
Grey's ministry resigned; insistent demands for reform; rioters tried, and
several condemned to death; King William attacked by a mob; the Duke of
Wellington insulted; Wellington tried to form a new ministry, failed, and
Lord Grey was recalled; twenty new peers were created, and the Reform Bill
was finally forced through the Lords.

Sir Walter Scott, Goethe, Duke of Reichstadt, son of Napoleon; Charles
Carroll, last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence; Georges
Cuvier, naturalist; Sir James Mackintosh, philosopher, and George Crabbe,
poet, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1833

Opposition to the abolitionist movement bitter in America. Northern
travelers in the South subjected to violence; antislavery meetings broken
up; office of Berry's _Philanthropist_, at Cincinnati, and Lovejoy's
_Observer_, at Alton, Illinois, destroyed. Wendell Phillips became a
leader of the antislavery movement. Nullification ordinance in South
Carolina repealed; on the other hand, Congress adopted the Compromise
Tariff, reducing duties on imports.

In Portugal, Dom Miguel was driven from Lisbon, and his navy destroyed by
Dom Pedro's fleet, commanded by Sir Charles Napier. Civil war also arose
in Spain, Don Carlos claiming the throne upon the death of Ferdinand VII.
Peace treaty between Turkey and Egypt; Russia obtained concessions from
Turkey by the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, and thereby aroused the
opposition of other European powers. Tractarian movement in England. A
Quaker was admitted to Parliament on affirmation, but a bill to relieve
Jews of civil disabilities was thrown out. Slavery abolished in all
British territory, twenty million pounds being voted as reimbursement to
slave-owning planters in the colonies. On this bill Gladstone made his
maiden speech, defending his father's record as a slaveholder.

The "Young Italy" party active; Mazzini exiled. German states continued to
use stringent methods for stamping out radicalism. Polish refugees
expelled from Germany, and many come to America.

Electromagnetic telegraph set up at Goettingen, Germany. Legendre, French
mathematician; William Wilberforce, English statesman; John Randolph of
Roanoke; Edmund Kean, English actor, and Hannah More, English author,
died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except t