1877, however, the
importation of cereals and flour has been free. In Italy there are no
duties on the export of grain. The import duties show a progressive
increase. In 1878 the import duty on wheat was 6-3/4d. per cwt.; this
was increased to 1s. 2-3/4d. in 1888, and in 1894 to 3s. 0-1/2d. As in
Spain and France, there was a temporary reduction and suspension during
1898, on the Spanish-American war. The duty on rye, barley, oats and
maize was fixed by the tariff of 1878 at 5-1/2d. per cwt. By a decree of
1894 the duty on rye was raised to 1s. 10d.; that on barley, by a decree
of 1896, to 1s. 7-1/2d.; that on oats, by a decree of 1888, to 1s.
7-1/2d.; and that on maize, by a decree of 1896, to 3s. 0-1/2d. The duty
on flour, fixed at 1s. 1-1/2d., by the tariff of 1878, was raised to 2s.
5-1/4d. in 1888, to 3s. 6-1/2d. in 1888, and to 5s. in 1894. In
Germany, the duty on wheat and rye, as fixed by the tariff of 1879, was
6d. per cwt. In 1885 this was raised to 1s. 6-1/4d., and in 1888 to 2s.
6-1/2d. By treaty in 1892 this was decreased to 1s. 9-1/4d. On oats the
duty in 1879 was 6d. per cwt., increased to 9-1/4d. in 1885, and again,
in 1888, to 2s. 0-1/2d., but reduced to 1s. 5d. in 1892. On barley the
duty in 1879 was 3d., in 1885 9-1/4d., in 1888 1s. 1-3/4d., and in 1892
1s. 0-1/4d. On maize, 3d. in 1879, 6d. in 1885, 1s. 0-1/4d. in 1888, and
9-3/4d. in 1892. On flour, 1s. 0-1/4d. in 1879, 3s. 9-3/4d. in 1885, 5s.
4d. in 1888, and 3s. 8-1/2d. in 1892. The new German tariff of 1906
which formed the basis for the new German commercial treaties with
Russia, Italy, Austria-Hungary, &c., and which was passed when the
influence of the agrarian party was predominant, increased still more
the import duties on cereals. Under this tariff there are two rates of
duties: (1). Those of the new "general" tariff as applied to imports
from all countries entitled to most favoured-nation treatment. (2).
"Conventional" tariff rates, conceded to other states as the result of
treaties. Under this tariff the "general" and "conventional" duties,
respectively, on wheat are 3s. 9-1/2d. and 2s. 9d.; on oats and rye, 3s.
6-1/2d. and 2s. 6-1/4d.; on "common baker's produce," 8s. 3d. and 5s.
2d. In Austria-Hungary the import duty on wheat and rye is, under the
tariff of 1887, 1s. 6-1/4d. per cwt.; on barley and oats, 9-1/4d.; on
maize, 6d., and on flour, 3s. 9-3/4d.

United States.

Russia.

India.

Australia, New Zealand, Canada.