exact in his calculation of latitude.

The hardships of this journey were greatly and unnecessarily increased
by Vignau, whose only hope was to discourage his leader. In the end it
proved that 'our liar' (as Champlain repeatedly calls him) had hoped to
secure a reward for his alleged discovery, believing that no one would
follow him long, even if an attempt were made to confirm the accuracy
of his report. But Champlain, undeterred by portages and mosquitoes,
kept on. Some {101} savages who joined him said that Vignau was a
liar, and on their advice Champlain left the Ottawa a short distance
above the mouth of the Madawaska. Holding westward at some distance
from the south shore, he advanced past Muskrat Lake, and after a hard
march came out again on the Ottawa at Lake Allumette.

This was the end of Champlain's route in 1613. From the Algonquins on
Allumette Island he learned that Vignau had wintered with them at the
time he swore he was discovering salt seas. Finally, the impostor
confessed his fraud and, falling on his knees, asked for mercy. The
Indians would gladly have killed him outright, but Champlain spared his
life, though how deeply he was moved can be seen from these words:
'Overcome with wrath I had him removed, being unable to endure him any
longer in my presence.' After his confession there was nothing for it
but to return by the same route. An astrolabe found some years ago
near Muskrat Lake may have been dropped from Champlain's luggage on the
journey westward, though he does not mention the loss.

Apart from disclosing the course of the Ottawa, the _Voyage_ of 1613 is
chiefly notable {102} for its account of Indian customs--for example,
the mode of sepulture, the _tabagie_ or feast, and the superstition
which leads the Algonquins to throw pieces of tobacco into the cauldron
of the Chaudiere Falls as a means of ensuring protection against their
enemies. Of the feast given him by Tessouaet, an Algonquin chief,
Champlain says:

The next day all the guests came, each with his porringer and wooden
spoon. They seated themselves without order or ceremony on the ground
in the cabin of Tessouaet, who distributed to them a kind of broth made
of maize crushed between two stones, together with meat and fish which
was cut into little pieces, the whole being boiled together without
salt. They also had meat roasted on the coals and fish boiled apart,
which he also distributed. In respect to myself, a