quar'tos si roc'cos

Plurals formed by adding es to the Singular.

ech'oes to ma'toes po ta'toes
car'goes mu lat'toes bra va'does
mot'toes vol ca'noes por'ti coes
grot'toes mos qui'toes vi ra'goes

Lesson 137.

Words in which f and fe are changed into ves in the Plural: as, leaf,
leaves; wife, wives.

beeves lives thieves calves our selves'
sheaves wives wolves halves them selves'
leaves knives loaves shelves your selves'

Words in which Y final is changed into ies in the Plural.

skies la'dies to'ries gro'cer ies
spies du'ties can'dies for'ger ies
cries beau'ties tro'phies gal'ler ies

Lesson 138.

Words ending in Y which form the Plural by adding a.

toys chim'neys al'leys at tor'neys
drays val'leys pul'leys Sat'ur days
buoys mon'eys tur'keys hol'i days
whys jour'neys mon'keys cor du roys'

Words in which the Plurals are formed irregularly. As the Plural only is
given, the teacher might require the pupil to ascertain the Singular, and
to spell it.

mice cri'ses ter'mi ni
chil'dren neb'u lae a lum'ni
ver'te brae stra'ta syn op'ses geese
{ kine, cows }
{ staves, staffs}
{ broth'ers,breth'ren }
{ pease, peas}
{ dies, dice}

Lesson 139.

Ing signifies continuing to; as talking, continuing to talk. The following
words, in taking their suffix, double the final letter. The last letter is
doubled when the word ends with a single consonant preceded by a single
vowel.

plan'ning win'ning stop'ping a bet'ting
fret'ting blot'ting gun'ning re bel'ling
bid'ding rob'bing shut'ting o mit'ting

Other words ending with consonants, which do not double the final letter.

act'ing fail'ing mean'ing ex pand'ing
land'ing rain'ing coax'ing con sent'ing
build'ing sail'ing suit'ing vis'it ing

Lesson 140.

Words ending in e silent, generally drop the e in adding ing.

mak'ing seiz'ing rul'ing ex pir'ing
nam'ing forc'ing lin'ing re fus'ing
plagu'ing hedg'ing squeez'ing in trigu'ing
ach'ing writ'ing schem'ing alleg'ing

The final e is retained when it is necessary to prevent a change of
pronunciation, or to maintain the identity of a word.

hoe'ing shoe'ing change'a ble
toe'ing singe'ing trace'able
tinge'ing dye'ing peace'a ble
foe'man blue'ne