lay in its depths by breaking at times into frightful
activity. Of the various explosions on record, the three most violent
were those of 1716, 1749, and 1754. In the last-named year the earth for
miles round quaked with the convulsive throes of the deeply disturbed
mountain, and vast quantities of volcanic dust were hurled high into the
air, sufficient to make it dark at midday for many leagues around.
The roofs of distant Manila were covered with volcanic dust and ashes.
Molten lava also poured from the crater and flowed into the lake, which
boiled with the intense heat, while great showers of stones and ashes
fell into its waters.

VOLCANOES IN THE SOUTHERN ISLANDS

Extinct volcanoes are numerous in Luzon, and there are smoking cones
in the north, and also in the Babuyanes Islands still farther north.
Volcanoes also exist in several of the other islands. On Negros is the
active peak of Malaspina, and on Camiguin, an island about ninety miles
to the southeast, a new volcano broke out in 1876. The large island of
Mindanao has three volcanoes, of which Cottabato was in eruption in
1856 and is still active at intervals. Apo, the largest of the three,
estimated to be 10,312 feet high, has three summits, within which lies
the great crater, now extinct and filled with water.

In evidence of former volcanic activity are the abundant deposits of
sulphur on the island of Leyte, the hot springs in various localities,
and the earthquakes which occasionally bring death and destruction. Of
the many of these on record, the most destructive was in 1863, when 400
people were killed and 2,000 injured, while many buildings were wrecked.
Another in 1880 wrought great destruction in Manila and elsewhere,
though without loss of life. An earthquake in Mindanao in 1675 opened a
passage to the sea, and a vast plain emerged. These convulsions of the
earth affect the form and elevation of buildings, which are rarely more
than two stories high and lightly built, while translucent sea-shells
replace glass in their windows.

While Java is the most prolific in volcanoes of the islands of the
Malayan Archipelago, other islands of the group possess active cones,
including Sumatra, Bali, Amboyna, Banda and others. In Sanguir, an
island north of Celebes, is a volcanic mountain from which there was
a destructive eruption in 1856. The country was devastated with lava,
stones and volcanic ashes, ruining a wide district and killing nearly
3,000 of