s must often
have done before. All our northern divers must be more or less
acquainted with ice, and must know how to break it. The grebe itself
could doubtless have broken the ice had it desired to. The birds and
the beasts often show much intelligence, or what looks like
intelligence, but, as Hamerton says, "the moment we think of them as
_human_, we are lost."

A farmer had a yearling that sucked the cows. To prevent this, he put
on the yearling a muzzle set full of sharpened nails. These of course
pricked the cows, and they would not stand to be drained of their
milk. The next day the farmer saw the yearling rubbing the nails
against a rock in order, as he thought, to dull them so they would not
prick the cows! How much easier to believe that the beast was simply
trying to get rid of the awkward incumbrance upon its nose. What can a
calf or a cow know about sharpened nails, and the use of a rock to
dull them? This is a kind of outside knowledge--outside of their needs
and experiences--that they could not possess.

An Arizona friend of mine lately told me this interesting incident
about the gophers that infested his cabin when he was a miner. The
gophers ate up his bread. He could not hide it from them or put it
beyond their reach. Finally, he bethought him to stick his loaf on the
end of a long iron poker that he had, and then stand up the poker in
the middle of his floor. Still, when he came back to his cabin, he
would find his loaf eaten full of holes. One day, having nothing to
do, he concluded to watch and see how the gophers reached the bread,
and this was what he saw: The animals climbed up the side of his log
cabin, ran along one of the logs to a point opposite the bread, and
then sprang out sidewise toward the loaf, which each one struck, but
upon which only one seemed able to effect a lodgment. Then this one
would cling to the loaf and act as a stop to his fellows when they
tried a second time, his body affording them the barrier they
required. My friend felt sure that this leader deliberately and
consciously aided the others in securing a footing on the loaf. But I
read the incident differently. This successful jumper aided his
fellows without designing it. The exigencies of the situation
compelled him to the course he pursued. Having effected a lodgment
upon the impaled loaf, he would of course cling to it when the others
jumped so as not to be dislodged, thereby, willy nilly, helping them
to secure a