t. Its sufferings are physical, and not mental. Its
instincts lead it to struggle for freedom. It reacts strongly against
the barriers that hold it, and tries in every way to overcome them.
Freedom, as an idea, or a conception of a condition of life, is, of
course, beyond its capacity.

Bostock shows how the animal learns entirely by association, and not
at all by the exercise of thought or reason, and yet a moment later
says: "The animal is becoming amenable to the mastery of man, and in
doing so his own reason is being developed," which is much like saying
that when a man is practicing on the flying trapeze his wings are
being developed. The lion learns slowly through association--through
repeated sense impressions. First a long stick is put into his cage.
If this is destroyed, it is replaced by another, until he gets used to
it and tolerates its presence. Then he is gently rubbed with it at the
hands of his keeper. He gets used to this and comes to like it. Then
the stick is baited with a piece of meat, and in taking the meat the
animal gets still better acquainted with the stick, and so ceases to
fear it. When this stage is reached, the stick is shortened day by
day, "until finally it is not much longer than the hand." The next
step is to let the hand take the place of the stick in the stroking
process. "This is a great step taken, for one of the most difficult
things is to get any wild animal to allow himself to be touched with
the human hand." After a time a collar with a chain attached is
slipped around the lion's neck when he is asleep. He is now chained to
one end of the cage. Then a chair is introduced into the cage;
whereupon this king of beasts, whose reason is being developed, and
who has such clear notions of inferior and superior, and who knows his
own powers, usually springs for the chair, seeking to demolish it. His
tether prevents his reaching it, and so in time he tolerates the
chair. Then the trainer, after some preliminary feints, walks into the
cage and seats himself in the chair. And so, inch by inch, as it were,
the trainer gets control of the animal and subdues him to his
purposes, not by appealing to his mind, for he has none, but by
impressions upon his senses.

"Leopards, panthers, and jaguars are all trained in much the same
manner," and in putting them through their tricks one invariable order
must be observed: "Each thing done one day must be done the next day
in exactly the same way; th