le to have
children.

GDP: purchasing power parity--$593.4 billion (1998 est.)

GDP--real growth rate: -5% (1998 est.)

GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$4,000 (1998 est.)

GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 7%
industry: 39%
services: 54% (1997)

Population below poverty line: 28.6% (1998 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 22.2% (1993)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 84% (1998 est.)

Labor force: 66 million (1997)

Labor force--by occupation: NA

Unemployment rate: 11.5% (1998 est.) with considerable additional
underemployment

Budget:
revenues: $40 billion
expenditures: $63 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1998 est.)

Industries: complete range of mining and extractive industries
producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of
machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and
space vehicles; shipbuilding; road and rail transportation
equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery,
tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and
transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer
durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate: -5.5% (1998 est.)

Electricity--production: 834 billion kWh (1997)

Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 68.14%
hydro: 19%
nuclear: 12.82%
other: 0.04% (1997)

Electricity--consumption: 788.036 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity--exports: 24.2 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity--imports: 6.6 billion kWh (1996)

Agriculture--products: grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed,
vegetables, fruits; beef, milk

Exports: $71.8 billion (1998 est.)

Exports--commodities: petroleum and petroleum products, natural
gas, wood and wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety
of civilian and military manufactures

Exports--partners: Ukraine, Germany, US, Belarus, other Western
and less developed countries

Imports: $58.5 billion (1998 est.)

Imports--commodities: machinery and equipment, consumer goods,
medicines, meat, grain, sugar, semifinished metal products

Imports--partners: Europe, North America, Japan, and less
developed countries

Debt--external: $164 billion (yearend 1998)

Economic aid--recipient: $8.523 billion (1995)

Currency: 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks

Exchange rates: rubles per US$1--22.2876 (