ional aids 60,400 km; man-made
navigable routes 16,900 km (January 1994 est.)

Pipelines: crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km;
natural gas 140,000 km (June 1993 est.)

Ports and harbors: Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Kaliningrad, Kazan',
Khabarovsk, Kholmsk, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Murmansk, Nakhodka,
Nevel'sk, Novorossiysk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, St. Petersburg,
Rostov, Sochi, Tuapse, Vladivostok, Volgograd, Vostochnyy, Vyborg

Merchant marine:
total: 617 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,146,329
GRT/5,278,909 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 19, cargo 309, combination bulk
21, combination ore/oil 6, container 25, multifunction large-load
carrier 1, oil tanker 149, passenger 35, passenger-cargo 3,
refrigerated cargo 16, roll-on/roll-off cargo 25, short-sea
passenger 7 (1998 est.)

Airports: 2,517 (1994 est.)

Airports--with paved runways:
total: 630
over 3,047 m: 54
2,438 to 3,047 m: 202
1,524 to 2,437 m: 108
914 to 1,523 m: 115
under 914 m: 151 (1994 est.)

Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 1,887
over 3,047 m: 25
2,438 to 3,047 m: 45
1,524 to 2,437 m: 134
914 to 1,523 m: 291
under 914 m: 1,392 (1994 est.)

Military

Military branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Strategic
Rocket Forces
note: the Air Defense Force merged into the Air Force in March 1998

Military manpower--military age: 18 years of age

Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 38,665,138 (1999 est.)

Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 30,173,495 (1999 est.)

Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: 1,149,536 (1999 est.)

Military expenditures--dollar figure: $NA
note: the Intelligence Community estimates that defense spending in
Russia fell by about 10% in real terms in 1996, reducing Russian
defense outlays to about one-sixth of peak Soviet levels in the late
1980s (1997 est.)

Military expenditures--percent of GDP: NA%

Transnational Issues

Disputes--international: dispute over at least two small sections
of the boundary with China remain to be settled, despite 1997
boundary agreement; islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan and
the Habomai group occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now
administered by Russia, claimed by Japan; Caspian Sea boundaries are
not yet determined among Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and
Turkmenistan; E