993), Denmark (1965),
Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), North Korea (1987),
Papua New Guinea (1981), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1993),
Switzerland (1990), Turkey (1995), and Ukraine (1992). Article
1--area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity,
such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and
equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful
purpose; Article 2--freedom of scientific investigation and
cooperation shall continue; Article 3--free exchange of information
and personnel in cooperation with the UN and other international
agencies; Article 4--does not recognize, dispute, or establish
territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the
treaty is in force; Article 5 --prohibits nuclear explosions or
disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6--includes under the treaty
all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south;
Article 7--treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial
observation, to any area and may inspect all stations,
installations, and equipment; advance notice of all activities and
of the introduction of military personnel must be given; Article
8--allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own
states; Article 9--frequent consultative meetings take place among
member nations; Article 10--treaty states will discourage activities
by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty;
Article 11--disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties
concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ; Articles 12, 13, 14--deal with
upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved
nations. Other agreements--some 200 recommendations adopted at treaty
consultative meetings and ratified by governments include --Agreed
Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964);
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972);
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
(1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988 but was
subsequently rejected; the Protocol on Environmental Protection to
the Antarctic Treaty was signed 4 October 1991 and entered into
force 14 January 1998; this agreement provides for the protection of
the Antarctic environment through five specific annexes on marine
pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental impact assessments, waste
management