ratively few Malays of the Cape.

It will be convenient to deal with the two classes separately, and to
begin with the semi-civilized or non-tribal natives, who have been for
the longest period under white influences, and whose present relations
with the whites indicate what the relations of the races are likely to
be, for some time to come, in all parts of the country.

The non-tribal people of colour live in the Cape Colony, except the
south-eastern parts (called Pondoland and Tembuland), in Natal, in the
Orange Free State, and in the southern parts of the Transvaal. They
consist of three stocks: (1) the so-called Cape boys, a mixed race
formed by the intermarriage of Hottentots and Malays with the negro
slaves brought in early days from the west coast, plus some small
infusion of Dutch blood; (2) the Kafirs no longer living in native
communities under their chiefs; and (3) the Indian immigrants who
(together with a few Chinese) have recently come into Natal and the
Transvaal, and number about 60,000, not counting in the indentured
coolies who are to be sent back to India. There are no data for
conjecturing the number of Cape boys and domesticated Kafirs, but it can
hardly exceed 400,000.

These coloured people form the substratum of society in all the four
States above mentioned. Some till the land for themselves, while others
act as herdsmen or labourers for white farmers, or work at trades for
white employers. They do the harder and rougher kinds of labour,
especially of outdoor labour. Let me remind the reader of what has been
incidentally observed before, and must now be insisted on as being the
capital feature of South African life--the fact that all unskilled work
is done by black people. In many parts of the country the climate is not
too hot for men belonging to the north European races to work in the
fields, for the sun's rays are generally tempered by a breeze, the
nights are cool, and the dry air is invigorating. Had South Africa,
like California or New South Wales, been colonized solely by white men,
it would probably, like those countries, have to-day a white labouring
population. But, unluckily, South Africa was colonized in the
seventeenth century, when the importation of negro slaves was deemed the
easiest means of securing cheap and abundant labour. From 1658 onward
till, in 1834, slavery was abolished by the British Parliament, it was
to slaves that the hardest and humblest kinds of work were allo