e. Though
freemen, they were allowed no part in the government, could not bear
arms, and had to pay tribute to Sparta.

[19] The Helots were probably peasants who occupied the land about
Helos, and, defeated in war, became Spartan subjects. They could not be
sold or given away, but belonged to the inventory of the farm.

CHAPTER XI

ROME

=Literature.=--_Bryce_, The Holy Roman Empire; _Bury_, The Roman Empire;
_Church_, Pictures from Roman Life and Story; _Clarke_, Ten Great
Religions; _Gibbon_, Decline and Fall of Roman Empire; _Lord_, Beacon
Lights; _Capes_, Roman Empire; _Merivale_, History of the Romans;
_Shumway_, A Day in Ancient Rome; _Mommsen_, History of Rome; _Liddell_,
History of Rome; _Ploetz_, Epitome of Universal History; _Gilman_, Story
of Rome; _Collins_, Ancient Classics; _Monroe_, Source Book of the
History of Education.

=The Age of Augustus.=--The history of Rome covers a period of a
thousand years. From the little village on the Palatine Hill Rome grew
to be the mightiest empire of the world. The "Age of Augustus"
represents not only the summit of military glory, but also the highest
civilization, and the noblest ideals of the Roman people. It was the age
of Vergil, Horace, Ovid, Livy, and Seneca. Rome was at peace with the
world, and therefore had time to devote to art, literature, and other
intellectual pursuits. It was during this period that Christ was born.

Like Sparta, Rome for a long time maintained her supremacy by force of
arms, and therefore encouraged physical education. But when she became
mistress of the world, and came in contact with the culture of the
Greeks, she began to feel the need of an intellectual and aesthetic
development. Accordingly it became the fashion to study Greek, to bring
teachers from Athens to Rome, and to send young men to Athens to study.
The Roman Empire was therefore the medium through which Grecian culture
was transmitted to the western world, and during the Augustan Age the
center of learning was transferred from Athens to Rome.

Gibbon says, "The first seven centuries were filled with a rapid
succession of triumphs; but it was reserved for Augustus to relinquish
the ambitious design of subduing the whole earth, and to introduce a
spirit of moderation into the public councils."[20] The Augustan Age
shows Rome at her best, and a study of the educational system at that
time will be most fruitful for the student of pedagogy.

=Geography and Hi