and panic-stricken party. To
the North, however, defeat was the source of much shame. It seemed a
verification of the Southern boast that one Confederate could whip two
Yankees, and deepened the conviction that the war was to be long and
severe. Moreover, fear was expressed that it would minimise the much
desired sympathy of England and other foreign governments. But it
brought no abatement of energy. With one voice the press of the North
demanded renewed activity, and before a week had elapsed every
department of government girded itself anew for the conflict.[787] The
vigour and enthusiasm of this period have been called a second
uprising of the North, and the work of a few weeks exhibited the
wonderful resources of a patriotic people.

[Footnote 787: See the New York _Tribune_, _Herald_, _Times_, _World_,
_Evening Post_, July 22, 23, 25, and later dates.]

CHAPTER II

NEW PARTY ALIGNMENTS

1861

The battle of Bull Run fomented mutterings, freighted with antagonism
to the war. Certain journals violently resented the suspension of the
writ of _habeas corpus_, while the Act of Congress, approved August 3,
providing for the freedom of slaves employed in any military or naval
service, called forth such extreme denunciations that the United
States grand jury for the Southern District of New York asked the
Court if the authors were subject to indictment. "These
newspapers,"[788] said the foreman, "are in the frequent practice of
encouraging the rebels now in arms against the Federal Government by
expressing sympathy and agreement with them, the duty of acceding to
their demands, and dissatisfaction with the employment of force to
overcome them. Their conduct is, of course, condemned and abhorred by
all loyal men, but the grand jury will be glad to learn from the Court
that they are also subject to indictment and condign punishment." The
Postmaster-General's order excluding such journals from the mails
intensified the bitterness. The arrests of persons charged with giving
aid and comfort to the enemy also furnished partisans an opportunity
to make people distrustful of such summary methods by magnifying the
danger to personal liberty. In a word, the Bull Run disaster had
become a peg upon which to hang sympathy for the South.[789]

[Footnote 788: New York _Journal of Commerce_, _News_, _Day-Book_,
_Freeman's Journal_, Brooklyn _Eagle_.--Appleton's _Cyclopaedia_, 1861,
p. 329.]

[Footnote 789: "I have had a