asion of Spain by submission to the will of the first consul,
declared war against Portugal. A Spanish army invaded the Portuguese
provinces in April; and in the month of June Lisbon purchased peace by
yielding some territory to Spain, and by engaging to shut their ports
against the English. In this treaty, however, Napoleon refused to
concur; and he sent a French army through Spain to attack Portugal.
Almeida was invested, and Lisbon and Oporto menaced, when the court of
Lisbon consented to a treaty, by which Buonaparte agreed to withdraw
his troops, and respect the integrity and independence of Portugal,
on condition that they, on their part, should confirm to Spain all
the territory which had recently been ceded; should make one-half of
Portuguese Guiana over to the French; should shut all the ports and
roads of Portugal in Europe against all English vessels, until peace
was concluded with England; should nullify all preceding treaties and
conventions with England; should treat France in all matters of commerce
as the most favoured nation; and should admit all French commodities
and merchandise whatsoever. The Portuguese court likewise paid twenty
millions of francs to the French republic. In their distress, the
Portuguese court had solicited the aid of England; but our government
could do nothing more than to send an expedition to take possession of
the island of Madeira, in order to secure it for Portugal.

NAVAL OPERATIONS.

The naval war this year was very languid. The French and Spanish fleets
did not venture out of port, and their detached squadrons put to sea
only in the absence of the English. On the 6th of July a French squadron
was attacked by Sir James Saumerez in the road of Algeiras; but after
a hard struggle he was induced to retire. This disappointment, however,
only served to stimulate the British to another action. The ships which
had been damaged in the late contest were repaired with all possible
expedition, and when the French, joined by a Spanish squadron, were
sailing towards Cadiz, he attacked them, and one line-of-battle ship, of
seventy-four guns, was captured, and two others blew up with the loss of
about two thousand men. On the 1st of August Admiral Lord Nelson, with
a flotilla of gun-boats and other vessels, stood over to the coast
of France to reconnoitre the preparations said to be making for the
invasion of England. On the 4th of the same month he sunk two floating
batteries and