The occupations in which men predominate are forwarding, ruling, and
finishing, and cutting. The forwarders comprise more than one-fourth
of the total number of men engaged in bindery work. The other two
skilled trades--ruling and finishing--give employment to about 35 men
each.

The average daily earnings in the various occupations, based on
returns from 44 establishments, were as shown in Table 29.

TABLE 29.--AVERAGE DAILY EARNINGS OF BINDERY WORKERS, 1915

------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
Workers in trade | Men | Women |
------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
Foremen | $4.78 | $2.05 |
Rulers | 3.56 | .. |
Finishers | 3.51 | .. |
Forwarders | 3.23 | .. |
Cutters | 3.21 | .. |
Machine-folders | 2.81 | 1.49 |
Wire-stitchers | .. | 1.57 |
Apprentices | 1.53 | .. |
Gatherers | .. | 1.52 |
Sewers | .. | 1.52 |
Other bindery operatives | 1.40 | 1.51 |
------------------------------+-----------+-----------+

On account of the seasonal character of the work considerable time is
lost through unemployment, particularly in those occupations in which
women predominate.

Beginners in these occupations in which the majority of the women are
employed, start on folding or pasting, and as opportunity presents,
gradually acquire practice in the higher grades of work, such as
gathering and machine operating. There are some traces of the
apprenticeship system in forwarding, ruling, and finishing, but these
trades are so small that all of them combined require only a very few
new workers each year.

OTHER OCCUPATIONS

Other departments of the printing industry are photoengraving,
stereotyping, electrotyping, and lithographing. They give employment
to approximately 700 workers, distributed among more than 20 distinct
trades, requiring the most diverse sorts of skill, knowledge, and
training. There are about 100 men in the city engaged in the different
processes of photoengraving. Nearly all of the stereotypers, numbering
from 60 to 70, are employed in newspaper offices. There are about 125
electrotypers and 400 lithographers. The labor cond