ed to their new compatriots, and were soon recognisable merely
by their long hair, thick beard, and marked features. Their sovereigns
seemed to have realised from the first that it was more to their
interest to exploit the country than to pillage it; as, however, none of
them was competent to understand the intricacies of the treasury, they
were forced to retain the services of the majority of the scribes, who
had managed the public accounts under the native kings.* Once schooled
to the new state of affairs, they readily adopted the refinements of
civilized life.

* The same thing took place on every occasion when Egypt was
conquered by an alien race: the Persian Achaemenians and
Greeks made use of the native employes, as did the Romans
after them; and lastly, the Mussulmans, Arabs, and Turks.

The court of the Pharaohs, with its pomp and its usual assemblage of
officials, both great and small, was revived around the person of
the new sovereign;* the titles of the Amenemhaits and the Usirtasens,
adapted to these "princes of foreign lands,"** legitimatised them as
descendants of Horus and sons of the Sun.*** They respected the
local religions, and went so far as to favour those of the gods whose
attributes appeared to connect them with some of their own barbarous
divinities. The chief deity of their worship was Baal, the lord of
all,**** a cruel and savage warrior; his resemblance to Sit, the brother
and enemy of Osiris, was so marked, that he was identified with the
Egyptian deity, with the emphatic additional title of Sutkhu, the Great
Sit.^

* The narrative of the _Sallier Papyrus,_ No. 1, shows us
the civil and military chiefs collected round the Shepherd-
king Apopi, and escorting him in the solemn processions in
honour of the gods. They are followed by the scribes and
magicians, who give him advice on important occasions.

** Hiqu Situ: this is the title of Abisha at Beni-Hassan,
which is also assumed by Khiani on several small monuments;
Steindorff has attempted to connect it with the name of the
Hyksos.

*** The preamble of the two or three Shepherd-kings of whom
we know anything, contains the two cartouches, the special
titles, and the names of Horus, which formed part of the
title of the kings of pure Egyptian race; thus Apophis IL is
proclaimed to be the living Horus, who joins the two earths
in peace, the goo