e globe; but to unite their
force, if necessary, and thereby enable them to make a more formidable
resistance when opposed; and likewise, to carry any plan they might have
formed, more regularly into effect.

We accordingly find in old books, mention made of Knights, Counts, Dukes,
and Kings, among this people. Crucius cites a Duke, _Michael_;
Muratorio, a Duke, _Andreas_: and Arentinus records a King, _Zindelo_:
not to speak of inscriptions on monuments erected in different places to
the memories of Duke, _Panuel_; Count, _Johannis_; and a Knight,
_Petrus_, in the fifteenth century.

But no comment is necessary to show how improperly these appellations
were applied. Though the Gypsey chiefs might be gratified with such
titles; and their descendants probably esteemed them persons of rank, it
was merely a ridiculous imitation of what they had seen, and perhaps
admired, among civilized people. Nevertheless, the custom of having
leaders and chiefs over them, prevails to this time, at least in Hungary
and Transylvania; probably it may also still exist in Turkey, and other
countries, where these people live together in great numbers.

Their chiefs, or waywodes, were formerly of two degrees in Hungary. Each
petty tribe had its own leader, beside which, there were four superior
waywodes, of their own caste, on both sides the Danube and Teisse; whose
residences were at Raab, Lewentz, Szathmar, and Kaschan; and to these the
smaller waywodes were accountable. But now, only one superior waywode is
appointed in all Transylvania, who has authority over the gold-washers in
those parts. The Gypsies, however, still continue the custom among
themselves, of choosing certain persons, whom they make heads over them,
and call by the exalted Sclavonian title of waywode.

It would appear extraordinary, that any well-regulated state should allow
these people a distinct establishment in the heart of the country; did
not the Hungarian writers assign as a reason, that in the commotions and
troubles occasioned by the Turkish wars, in former centuries, they were,
by means of their waywode, more easily summoned when occasion required,
and rendered useful to the community.

In Transylvania, the magistrates do interfere with regard to the person
whom this or that horde hath elected chief, and impose an obligation on
him; but it is only that he should be careful to prevent his subjects
from absconding, when the time arrives for them to discha