es repeatedly between the knives. The case protects the mass from
being thrown out by the centrifugal force. The work of beating the
rags is ended in a few hours, and the ensuing thin paste is drawn off
into the pulp chest, this being a square box lined with lead.

From the pulp chest it passes to the form of the paper machine. This
form consists of an endless fine web of brass wire, which revolves
around rollers. The upper part of this form rests upon a number of
hollow copper rollers, whereby a level place is formed. The form
revolves uniformly around the two end rollers, and has at the same
time a vibratory motion, by which the pulp running upon the form is
spread out uniformly and conducted along, more flowing on as the
latter progresses. The water escapes rapidly through the close wire
web. In order to limit the form on the sides two endless leather
straps revolve around the rollers on each side, which touch with their
lower parts the form on both sides and confine the fluid within a
proper breadth. The thickness of the pulp is regulated at the head of
the form by a brass rule standing at a certain height; its function is
to level the pulp and distribute it at a certain thickness. The
continually moving pulp layer assumes greater consistency the nearer
it approaches to the dandy roll. This is a cylinder covered with brass
wire, and is for the purpose of compressing the paper, after it has
left the form, and free it from a great part of the water, which
escapes into a box. The paper is now freed of a good deal of the
fluid, and assumes a consistency with which it is enabled to leave the
form, which now commences to return underneath the paper, passing on
to an endless felt, which revolves around rollers and delivers it to
two iron rolls. The paper passes through a second pair of iron
rollers, the interiors of which are heated by steam. These rollers
cause the last of the water to be evaporated, so that it can then be
rolled upon reels. A special arrangement shaves the edges to the exact
size required.

The paper is made in different thicknesses and designated by numbers
to the size and weight.

Waste paper, bookbinders' shavings, etc., can be used for making the
paper. As much wool as possible should be employed, because the wool
fiber has a greater resistance than vegetable fiber to the effects of
the temperature. By wool fiber is understood the horny substance
resembling hair, with the difference that the forme