n by degrees to treat
them more coldly, and in the end with contempt even, they appear to
have become more wise. Instead of remaining quiet within their own
borders, they gave free rein to a growing national hatred, which the
Emperor and then the Pope, Julius II, well understood how to turn to
their own profit.

Indulgences, blessings, consecrated gifts from the Papal Chair were
held up before their eyes by their countryman, the cunning, eloquent,
indefatigable Cardinal Schinner, whilst the knightly Emperor reminded
them that it would be nobler to aid a plundered prince to regain what
he had lost than to stand by the haughty robber; and the young Duke of
Milan, son of that Ludovico Sforza, since dead, who was taken prisoner
at Novara and afterwards escaped to Austria, promised them, in return
for their help, the most profitable alliance and the possession of
Lugano and Locarno. And here for once, both private advantage and
public honor seemed to ran together, and hence resulted an expedition,
more numerous and better organized than any former one, not under
foreign banners, but under their own, and led by able and experienced
commanders, the so-called March, to Pavia. This was the first campaign
in which Zwingli was personally present.

In the ardent years of youth the national love of battle glowed even in
his bosom. From the most eminent authors of Greece and Rome he had
learned much of war and the history of war. He himself tells us with
what eagerness he pored over the campaigns of Alexander, narrated by
Curtius, and those of Caesar, written by his own hand. But he did not
rest content with deeds of arms merely. The nature of the countries and
the character of the people were full of interest to him. He inquired
into the causes of wars, and considered their operations and results.
In a letter to a friend he thus advises, "Read Sallust's description of
the wars of Jugurtha and Cataline's conspiracy. See in the former the
insolence, the artifices and the lust of power of a single aristocrat
and how far the love of money can lead; in the latter, what gifts can
do, and how they can embolden those who are bribed by them. Let Appian
of Alexandria then picture to you the distraction of citizens and civil
war, with banishment and its consequences. He understands well how to
relate briefly every thing that is noteworthy. Whoever begins, can not
lay his book down, until he has finished it."

We are by no means to regard Zw