icles and those of Sir Godfrey Lushington
and L.J. Maxse in the _National Review_, 1897-1900, will be found
invaluable by the student. On the Algerian question, see M. Wahl in
the _Revue des etudes juives_; L. Forest, _Naturalisation des
Israelites algeriens_; and E. Audinet in the _Revue generale de droit
international publique_, 1897, No. 4. On the history of the
anti-Semitic movement generally, see the annual reports of the
Alliance Israelite of Paris and the Anglo-Jewish Association of
London, also the annual summaries published at the end of the Jewish
year by the _Jewish Chronicle_ of London. The connexion of the
movement with general party politics must be followed in the
newspapers. The present writer has worked with a collection of
newspaper cuttings numbering several thousands and ranging over thirty
years. (L. W.)

ANTISEPTICS (Gr. [Greek: anti], against, and [Greek: saeptikos],
putrefactive), the name given to substances which are used for the
prevention of bacterial development in animal or vegetable matter. Some
are true germicides, capable of destroying the bacteria, whilst others
merely prevent or inhibit their growth. The antiseptic method of
treating wounds (see SURGERY) was introduced by Lord Lister, and was an
outcome of Pasteur's germ theory of putrefaction. For the growth of
bacteria there must be a certain food supply, moisture, in most cases
oxygen, and a certain minimum temperature (see BACTERIOLOGY). These
conditions have been specially studied and applied in connexion with the
preserving of food (see FOOD PRESERVATION) and in the ancient practice
of embalming the dead, which is the earliest illustration of the
systematic use of antiseptics (see EMBALMING). In early inquiries a
great point was made of the prevention of putrefaction, and work was
done in the way of finding how much of an agent must be added to a given
solution, in order that the bacteria accidentally present might not
develop. But for various reasons this was an inexact method, and to-day
an antiseptic is judged by its effects on pure cultures of definite
pathogenic microbes, and on their vegetative and spore forms. Their
standardization has been effected in many instances, and a water
solution of carbolic acid of a certain fixed strength is now taken as
the standard with which other antiseptics are compared. The more
important of those in use to-day are carbolic acid, the perchloride and
bin