lions of Jews who are being
systematically degraded, and who periodically overflow the western
frontier, there must continue to be a Jewish question in Europe; and
while there are weak governments, and ignorant and superstitious
elements in the enfranchized classes of the countries affected, that
question will seek to play a part in politics.

LITERATURE.--No impartial history of modern anti-Semitism has yet been
written. The most comprehensive works on the subject, _Israel among
the Nations_, by A. Leroy-Beaulieu (1895), and _L'Antisemitisme, son
histoire et ses causes_, by Bernard Lazare (1894), are collections of
studies rather than histories. M. Lazare's work will be found most
useful by the student on account of its detached standpoint and its
valuable bibliographical notes. A good list of works relating to
Jewish ethnography will be found at the end of M. Isidor Loeb's
valuable article, "Juifs," in the _Dictionnaire universel de
geographie_ (1884). To these should be added, Adolf Jellinek, _Der
Judische Stamm_ (1869); Chwolson, _Die semitischen Volker_ (1872);
Nossig, _Materialien zur Statistik_ (1887); Jacobs, _Jewish
Statistics_ (1891); and Andree, _Zur Volkskunde der Juden_ (1881). A
bibliography of the Jewish question from 1875 to 1884 has been
published by Mr Joseph Jacobs (1885). Useful additions and
rectifications will be found in the _Jewish World_, 11th September
1885. During the period since 1885 the anti-Semitic movement has
produced an immense pamphlet literature. Some of these productions
have already been referred to; others will be found in current
bibliographies under the names of the personages mentioned, such as
Stocker, Ahlwardt, &c. On the Russian persecutions, besides the works
quoted by Jacobs, see the pamphlet issued by the Russo-Jewish
Committee in 1890, and the annual reports of the Russo-Jewish Mansion
House Fund; _Les Juifs de Russie_ (Paris, 1891); _Report of the
Commissioners of Immigration upon the Causes which incite Immigration
to the United States_ (Washington, 1892); _The New Exodus_, by Harold
Frederic (1892); _Les Juifs russes_, by Leo Errera (Brussels, 1893).
The most valuable collection of facts relating to the persecutions of
1881-1882 are to be found in the _Feuilles Jaunes_ (52 nos.), compiled
and circulated for the information of the European press by the
Alliance Israelite of Paris. Complete collections are ver