oirs_, 293.

[5] Macpherson i. 241; Clarke's _Life of James II_., ii. 476. The
letter, which is only printed in fragments, is not in Anne's style,
and if genuine was probably dictated by the Churchills.

[6] Luttrell ii. 366, 376.

[7] Macpherson i. 257; Clarke's _James II_., ii. 559. See also
Shrewsbury's anonymous correbpondent in _Hist. MSS. Comm. Ser.; MSS.
Duke of Buccleugh at Montagu House_, ii. 169.

[8] Macaulay iv. 799 _note_

[9] Swift's _Mem. on the Change of the Ministry._

[10] _Conduct of the Duchess of Marlborough_, p. 225.

[11] For their names see Hume and Smollett's _Hist_. (Hughes, 1854)
viil. 110.

[12] See also _Hist. MSS. Comm. Ser._ Rep. vii. App. 246b.

[13] _Ibid. Portland MSS_. v. 338.

[14] Sir J. Leveson-Gower to Lord Rutland, _Hist. MSS. Comm., Duke of
Rutland's MSS_. ii. 173.

[15] See Bolingbroke's _Letter to Sir W. Wyndham_.

[16] _Private Correspondence_, ii. 120.

[17] _Hist. MSS. Comm., MSS. of Marq. of Bath at Longleat_, i. 237.

[18] _Notes and Queries_, xi. 254.

ANNE (1693-1740), empress of Russia, second daughter of Tsar Ivan V.,
Peter the Great's imbecile brother, and Praskovia Saltuikova. Her
girlhood was passed at Ismailovo near Moscow, with her mother, an
ignorant, bigoted tsaritsa of the old school, who neglected and even
hated her daughters. Peter acted as a second father to the Ivanovs, as
Praskovia and her family were called. In 1710 he married Anne to
Frederick William, duke of Courland, who died of surfeit on his journey
home from St Petersburg. The reluctant young widow was ordered to
proceed on her way to Mittau to take over the government of Courland,
with the Russian resident, Count Peter Bestuzhev, as her adviser. He was
subsequently her lover, till supplanted by Biren (q.v.). Anne's
residence at Mittau was embittered by the utter inadequacy of her
revenue, which she keenly felt. It was therefore with joy that she at
once accepted the Russian crown, as the next heir, after the death of
Peter II. (January 30, 1730), when it was offered to her by the members
of the supreme privy council, even going so far as to subscribe
previously nine articles which would have reduced her from an absolute
to a very limited monarch. On the 26th of February she made her public
entry into Moscow under strict surveillance. On the 8th of March a _coup
d'etat_, engineered by a party of her personal friends, overth