ck (as a love-charm, of which Aphrodite
was considered the inventor), the swan and dolphin (as a marine
divinity), the tortoise (explained by Plutarch as a symbol of
domesticity, but connected by Gruppe with the marine deity), the rose,
the poppy, and the lime tree.

In ancient art Aphrodite was at first represented clothed, sometimes
seated, but more frequently standing; then naked, rising from the sea,
or after the bath. Finally, all idea of the divine vanished, and the
artists merely presented her as the type of a beautiful woman, with oval
face, full of grace and charm, languishing eyes, and laughing mouth,
which replaced the dignified severity and repose of the older forms. The
most famous of her statues in ancient times was that at Cnidus, the work
of Praxiteles, which was imitated on the coins of that town, and
subsequently reproduced in various copies, such as the Vatican and
Munich. Of existing statues the most famous is the Aphrodite of Melos
(Venus of Milo), now in the Louvre, which was found on the island in
1820 amongst the ruins of the theatre; the Capitoline Venus at Rome and
the Venus of Capua, represented as a goddess of victory (these two
exhibit a lofty conception of the goddess); the Medicean Venus at
Florence, found in the porticus of Octavia at Rome and (probably
wrongly) attributed to Cleomenes; the Venus stooping in the bath, in the
Vatican; and the Callipygos at Naples, a specimen of the most sensual
type.

For the oriental Aphrodite, see E. Meyer, article "Astarte" in W.H.
Roscher's _Lexikon der Mythologie_, and Wolf Baudissin, articles
"Astarte" and "Atargatis" in Herzog-Hauck's _Realencyklopadie fur
protestantische Theologie_; for the Greek, articles m Roscher's
_Lexikon_ and Pauly-Wissowa's _Realencyclopadie_; L. Preller,
_Griechische Mythologie_ (4th ed. by C. Robert); L.R. Farnell, _Cults
of the Greek States_, ii. (1896); O. Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie
und Religionsgeschichte_, ii. (1906); L. Dyer, _The Gods in Greece_
(1891); A. Enmann, _Kypros und der Ursprung des Aphrodite-Kults_
(1886). W.H. Engel, _Kypros_, ii. (1841), and J.B. Lajard, _Recherches
sur le culte de Venus_ (1837), may still be consulted with advantage.
For Aphrodite in art see J.J. Bernoulli, _Aphrodite_ (1873); W.J.
Stillman, _Venus and Apollo in Painting and Sculpture_ (1897). In the
article GREEK ART, figs. 71 (pl. v.) and 77 (pi. vi.) represent
Aphrodite of Cridus and Melos respect