. PAGE

I. THE BEGINNINGS OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 1

II. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY BEFORE CUVIER 17

III. CUVIER 31

IV. GOETHE 45

V. ETIENNE GEOFFROY ST HILAIRE 52

VI. THE FOLLOWERS OF ETIENNE GEOFFROY ST HILAIRE 79

VII. THE GERMAN TRANSCENDENTALISTS 89

VIII. TRANSCENDENTAL ANATOMY IN ENGLAND--RICHARD OWEN 102

IX. KARL ERNST VON BAER 113

X. THE EMBRYOLOGICAL CRITERION 133

XI. THE CELL-THEORY 169

XII. THE CLOSE OF THE PRE-EVOLUTIONARY PERIOD 190

XIII. THE RELATION OF LAMARCK AND DARWIN TO MORPHOLOGY 213

XIV. ERNST HAECKEL AND CARL GEGENBAUR 246

XV. EARLY THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF VERTEBRATES 268

XVI. THE GERM-LAYERS AND EVOLUTION 288

XVII. THE ORGANISM AS AN HISTORICAL BEING 302

XVIII. THE BEGINNINGS OF CAUSAL MORPHOLOGY 314

XIX. SAMUEL BUTLER AND THE MEMORY THEORIES OF HEREDITY 335

XX. THE CLASSICAL TRADITION IN MODERN MORPHOLOGY 345

INDEX 365

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG. PAGE

1. HYOID ARCH OF THE CONGER. (ORIGINAL.) 58

2. "VERTEBRA" OF A PLEURONECTID. (GEOFFROY.) 61

3. ABDOMINAL SEGMENT OF THE LOBSTER. (GEOFFROY.) 63

4. IDEAL TYPICAL VERTEBRA. (OWEN.) 102

5. NATURAL TYPICAL VERTEBRA. (OWEN.) 103

6. THE ARCHETYPE OF THE VERTEBRATE SKELETON. (OWEN.) 105

7. IDEAL TRANSVERSE SECTION OF A VERTEBRATE EMBRYO.
(VON BAER.) 119

8. GILL-SLITS OF THE PIG EMBRYO. (RATHKE.) 134

9. MECKEL'S CARTILAGE AND EAR-OSSICLES IN EMBRYO OF
PIG. (REICHERT.) 145

10. CRANIAL VERTEBRAE AND VISCERAL ARCHES IN EMBRYO
OF PIG. (REICHERT.) 148

11. EMBRYONIC CRANIUM OF THE ADDER. (RATHKE.) 152

12. TRANSVERSE SECTION OF CHICK EMBRYO. (REMAK.) 211

13. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ASCIDIAN LARVA (KOWALE