massive
face. The skull looks less domed than that of modern man, but its
cranial capacity is far above the lowest human limit. The teeth are
interesting in showing marked rotting or "caries," hitherto unknown in
prehistoric skulls. In all probability the Rhodesian man was an African
representative of the extinct Neanderthal species hitherto known only
from Europe.]

[Illustration: _After the restoration modelled by J. H. McGregor._

A CROMAGNON MAN OR CROMAGNARD, REPRESENTATIVE OF A STRONG ARTISTIC RACE
LIVING IN THE SOUTH OF FRANCE IN THE UPPER PLEISTOCENE, PERHAPS 25,000
YEARS AGO

They seemed to have lived for a while contemporaneously with the
Neanderthal Men, and there may have been interbreeding. Some Cromagnards
probably survive, but the race as a whole declined, and there was
repopulation of Europe from the East.]

[Illustration: _Reproduced by permission from Osborn's "Men of the Old
Stone Age."_

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING A NARROW PASSAGE IN THE CAVERN OF FONT-DE-GAUME ON
THE BEUNE

Throughout the cavern the walls are crowded with engravings; on the left
wall, shown in the photograph, are two painted bison. In the great
gallery there may be found not less than eighty figures--bison,
reindeer, and mammoths. A specimen of the last is reproduced below.]

[Illustration: A MAMMOTH DRAWN ON THE WALL OF THE FONT-DE-GAUME CAVERN

The mammoth age was in the Middle Pleistocene, while Neanderthal Men
still flourished, probably far over 30,000 years ago.]

[Illustration: A GRAZING BISON, DELICATELY AND CAREFULLY DRAWN, ENGRAVED
ON A WALL OF THE ALTAMIRA CAVE, NORTHERN SPAIN

This was the work of a Reindeer Man or Cromagnard, in the Upper or
Post-Glacial Pleistocene, perhaps 25,000 years ago. Firelight must have
been used in making these cave drawings and engravings.]

Factors in Human Progress

Many, we believe, were the gains that rewarded the arboreal
apprenticeship of man's ancestors. Many, likewise, were the results of
leaving the trees and coming down to the solid earth--a transition which
marked the emergence of more than tentative men. What great steps
followed?

Some of the greatest were--the working out of a spoken language and of
external methods of registration; the invention of tools; the discovery
of the use of fire; the utilisation of iron and other metals; the taming
of wild animals such as dog and sheep, horses and cattle; the
cultivation of wild plants such as wheat and rice; and the irrigat