rs on isolated Alpine heights above the
snow-line. Perhaps it was during this period that many birds of the
Northern Hemisphere learned to evade the winter by the sublime device of
migration.

Looking backwards we may quote Professor Schuchert again:

"The lands in the Cenozoic began to bloom with more and more
flowering plants and grand hardwood forests, the atmosphere is
scented with sweet odours, a vast crowd of new kinds of insects
appear, and the places of the once dominant reptiles of the lands
and seas are taken by the mammals. Out of these struggles there
rises a greater intelligence, seen in nearly all of the mammal
stocks, but particularly in one, the monkey-ape-man. Brute man
appears on the scene with the introduction of the last glacial
climate, a most trying time for all things endowed with life, and
finally there results the dominance of reasoning man over all his
brute associates."

In man and human society the story of evolution has its climax.

The Ascent of Man

Man stands apart from animals in his power of building up general ideas
and of using these in the guidance of his behaviour and the control of
his conduct. This is essentially wrapped up with his development of
language as an instrument of thought. Some animals have words, but man
has language (Logos). Some animals show evidence of _perceptual_
inference, but man often gets beyond this to _conceptual_ inference
(Reason). Many animals are affectionate and brave, self-forgetful and
industrious, but man "thinks the ought," definitely guiding his conduct
in the light of ideals, which in turn are wrapped up with the fact that
he is "a social person."

Besides his big brain, which may be three times as heavy as that of a
gorilla, man has various physical peculiarities. He walks erect, he
plants the sole of his foot flat on the ground, he has a chin and a good
heel, a big forehead and a non-protrusive face, a relatively uniform set
of teeth without conspicuous canines, and a relatively naked body.

[Illustration: DIAGRAM SHOWING SEVEN STAGES IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE
FORE-LIMBS AND HIND-LIMBS OF THE ANCESTORS OF THE MODERN HORSE,
BEGINNING WITH THE EARLIEST KNOWN PREDECESSORS OF THE HORSE AND
CULMINATING WITH THE HORSE OF TO-DAY

(_After Marsh and Lull._)

1 and 1A, fore-limb and hind-limb of Eohippus; 2 and 2A, Orohippus; 3
and 3A, Mesohippus; 4 and 4A, Hypohippus; 5 and 5A, Merychippus; 6 and
6