. What was thus lost by each was proportionate profit to the
people. Those two blind powers, monarchy and oligarchy, could not see
that they were working for the benefit of a third, which was democracy.
What a delight it was to the crown, in the last century, to be able to
hang a peer, Lord Ferrers!

However, they hung him with a silken rope. How polite!

"They would not have hung a peer of France," the Duke of Richelieu
haughtily remarked. Granted. They would have beheaded him. Still more
polite!

Montmorency Tancarville signed himself _peer of France and England_;
thus throwing the English peerage into the second rank. The peers of
France were higher and less powerful, holding to rank more than to
authority, and to precedence more than to domination. There was between
them and the Lords that shade of difference which separates vanity from
pride. With the peers of France, to take precedence of foreign princes,
of Spanish grandees, of Venetian patricians; to see seated on the lower
benches the Marshals of France, the Constable and the Admiral of France,
were he even Comte de Toulouse and son of Louis XIV.; to draw a
distinction between duchies in the male and female line; to maintain the
proper distance between a simple _comte_, like Armagnac or Albret, and a
_comte pairie_, like Evreux; to wear by right, at five-and-twenty, the
blue ribbon of the Golden Fleece; to counterbalance the Duke de la
Tremoille, the most ancient peer of the court, with the Duke Uzes, the
most ancient peer of the Parliament; to claim as many pages and horses
to their carriages as an elector; to be called _monseigneur_ by the
first President; to discuss whether the Duke de Maine dates his peerage
as the Comte d'Eu, from 1458; to cross the grand chamber diagonally, or
by the side--such things were grave matters. Grave matters with the
Lords were the Navigation Act, the Test Act, the enrolment of Europe in
the service of England, the command of the sea, the expulsion of the
Stuarts, war with France. On one side, etiquette above all; on the
other, empire above all. The peers of England had the substance, the
peers of France the shadow.

To conclude, the House of Lords was a starting-point; towards
civilization this is an immense thing. It had the honour to found a
nation. It was the first incarnation of the unity of the people: English
resistance, that obscure but all-powerful force, was born in the House
of Lords. The barons, by a series of ac