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What effect has the chewing of tobacco upon the teeth? 232. What is one reason for preserving health? -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= CHAPTER XIII. THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 233. From the earliest existence of the human system to the last ray of life, change is impressed upon it by the Giver of this curious fabric. New atoms of matter are deposited, while the old and now useless particles are constantly removed. The material necessary to sustain the growth of the body in early life, and also to repair the waste that is unceasing to animal existence, is the food we eat. 234. Food, animal or vegetable, contains most of the elements of the different tissues of the system, yet it must undergo certain essential alterations before it can become a part of the body. The first change is effected by the action of the _Digestive Organs_. ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS 235. The DIGESTIVE ORGANS are the _Mouth_, _Teeth_,[7] _Sal'i-va-ry Glands_, _Phar'ynx_, _OE-soph'a-gus_, (gullet,) _Stom'ach_, _In-tes'tines_, (bowels,) _Lac'te-als_, (milk, or chyle vessels,) _Tho-rac'ic Duct_, _Liv'er_, and the _Pan'cre-as_, (sweetbread.) [7] See Chapter XII. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= 233. What is impressed upon the human system from its earliest existence? What maintains this change? 234. Has animal or vegetable food any resemblance to the different tissues of which it finally forms a part? By what organs is the first change in the food effected? 235-258. _Give the anatomy of the digestive organs._ 235. Name them. 236. Describe the mouth. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= MOUTH is an irregular cavity, which contains the instruments of mastication and the organs of taste. It is bounded in front by the lips; on each side by the internal surface of the cheeks; above, by the _hard palate_ (roof of the mouth) and teeth of the upper jaw; below, by the tongue and teeth of the lower jaw; behind, it is continuous with the pharynx, but is separated from it by a kind of movable curtain, called the _soft palate_. This may be elevated or depressed, so as to close the passage or leave it free. 237. The SALIVARY GLANDS are six in number; three on each side of the jaw. They are called the _pa-rot'id_, the _sub-max'il-la-ry_ and the _sub-lin'gual_. [Illustration: Fig. 58. A view of the salivary glands in their proper situations. 1, The parotid gland. 2, Its duct. 3, The submaxillary gland. 4, Its duct. 5, The sublingual gland, bro
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