e
neck. The head attire of the deceased is either that of the period or
dignity, and in the case of monarchs accompanied by the uraeus, emblem
of royalty. Some figures hold the emblem of life, _ankh_, and of
stability, _tat_, or a whip, _khu_. They are generally of wood, or
vitrified earthenware. The name and quality of the deceased are found
on all those in the same tomb, and thrown on the ground round the
sarcophagus. They usually bear in hieroglyphics the sixth chapter of
the funeral ritual. Some are found with a blank space left for the
name of the deceased, which leads one to think that the relations and
friends procured these figures from dealers; the funeral formula, with
a list of the customary presentations of offerings for his soul to
Osiris were already on them; nothing was wanting but the name of the
deceased; this being added, they were then evidently offered as
testimonies of respect by the relations and friends of the deceased,
perhaps at the funeral, and then collected and placed in the tomb.
Sometimes these small figures were placed in painted cases divided
into compartments. These cases were about two feet long and one foot
high.

Manuscripts on papyrus, of various lengths, have been found on some
mummies. These rolls of papyrus are found in the coffins, or under the
swathings of the mummies, between the legs, on the breast, or under
the arms. Some are enclosed in a cylindrical case. The papyrus of the
Museum of Turin is sixty-six feet long, that at Paris is twenty-two
feet long; others are of different lengths, down to two or three
feet. That of Turin may be considered as complete. On all, the upper
part of the page is occupied by a line of figures of the divinities
which the soul visits in succession; the rest is filled with
perpendicular columns of hieroglyphics, which are prayers which the
soul addresses to each divinity; towards the end of the manuscript is
painted the judgment scene; the great god Osiris is on his throne; at
his feet is an enormous female crocodile, its mouth open; behind is
the divine balance, surmounted by a cynocephalus emblem of universal
justice; the good and bad actions of the soul are weighed in his
presence. Horus examines the plummet, and Thoth records the sentence;
standing close by is the soul of the deceased in its corporeal form,
conducted by the two goddesses, Truth and Justice, before the great
judge of the dead. The name of Ritual of the Dead has been given by
E