a (1490) as the _Liber Sextus Naturalium_,
and the long account of Avicenna's philosophy given by Shahrastani seems to
be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the
_Al-Shif[=a]'_, A shorter form of the work is known as the _An-naj[=a]t_
(_Liberatio_). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified
by the corrections which the monkish editors confess that they applied.
There is also a _Philosophia Orientalis_, mentioned by Roger Bacon, and now
lost, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone.

For Avicenna's life, see Ibn Khallikan's _Biographical Dictionary_,
translated by McG. de Slane (1842); F. Wuestenfeld's _Geschichte der
arabischen Aerzte und Naturforscher_ (Goettingen, 1840). For his medicine,
see Sprengel, _Histoire de la Medecine_; and for his philosophy, see
Shahrastani, German trans. vol. ii. 213-332; K. Prantl, _Geschichte der
Logik_, ii. 318-361; A. Stoeckl, _Phil. d. Mittelalters_, ii. 23-58; S.
Munk, _Melanges_, 352-366; B. Haneberg in the _Abhandlungen der
philos.-philolog. Class. der bayerischen Academie_ (1867); and Carra de
Vaux, _Avicenne_ (Paris, 1900). For list of extant works see C.
Brockelmann's _Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur_ (Weimar, 1898), vol.
i. pp. 452-458.

(W. W.; G. W. T.)

AVIENUS, RUFIUS FESTUS, a Roman aristocrat and poet, of Vulsinii in
Etruria, who flourished during the second half of the 4th century A.D. He
was probably proconsul of Africa (366) and of Achaia (372). Avienus was a
pagan and a staunch supporter of the old religion. He translated the
[Greek: Phainomena] of Aratus and paraphrased the [Greek: Periegesis] of
Dionysius under the title of _Descriptio Orbis Terrarum_, both in
hexameters. He also compiled a description, in iambic trimeters, of the
coasts of the Mediterranean, Caspian and Black Seas in several books, of
which only a fragment of the first is extant. He also epitomized Livy and
Virgil's _Aeneid_ in the same metre, but these works are lost. Some minor
poems are found under his name in anthologies, _e.g._ a humorous request to
one Favianus for some pomegranates for medicinal purposes.

AVIGLIANA, a town of Piedmont, Italy, in the province of Turin, 14 m. W. by
rail from the town of Turin. Pop. (1901) 4629. It has medieval buildings of
some interest, but is mainly remarkable for its large dynamite factory,
employing over 500 workman.

AVIGNON, a city of south-eastern France, capital of the department of
Vauclu