where in the very nature of things they must forego all hope of having
for months, and perhaps years, those small creature comforts which make
life endurable to a civilized human being. I saw them, crusted with
dirt, worn with incredible exertions, alive with crawling vermin, their
uniforms already in tatters, and their broken shoes falling off their
feet.

On the day before I quit German soil--the war being then less than
three months old--I counted, in the course of a short ride through the
City of Aix-la-Chapelle two convalescent soldiers who were totally
blind, three who had lost an arm, and one, a boy of 18 or thereabout,
who had lost both arms. How many men less badly injured I saw in that
afternoon I do not know; I hesitate even to try to estimate the total
figure for fear I might be accused of exaggeration.

In Holland I saw the people of an already crowded country wrestling
valorously with the problem of striving to feed and house and care for
the enormous numbers of penniless refugees who had come out of Belgium.
I saw worn-out groups of peasants huddled on railroad platforms and
along the railroad tracks, too weary to stir another step.

In England I saw still more thousands of these refugees, bewildered,
broken by misfortune, owning only what they wore upon their backs,
speaking an alien tongue, strangers in a strange land. I saw, as I have
seen in Holland, people of all classes giving of their time, their
means, and their services to provide some temporary relief for these
poor wanderers who were without a country. I saw the new recruits
marching off, and I knew that for the children many of them were leaving
behind there would be no Santa Claus unless the American people out of
the fullness of their own abundance filled the Christmas stockings and
stocked the Christmas larders.

And seeing these things, I realized how tremendous was the need for
organized and systematic aid then and how enormously that need would
grow when Winter came--when the soldiers shivered in the trenches, and
the hospital supplies ran low, as indeed they have before now begun to
run low, and the winds searched through the holes made by the cannon
balls and struck at the women and children cowering in their squalid and
desolated homes. From my own experiences and observations I knew that
more nurses, more surgeons, more surgical necessities, and yet more,
past all calculating, would be sorely needed when the plague and famine
and