its descendants.
This is likewise the opinion of Nilsson. _Bos primigenius_ existed as a
wild animal in Caesar's time, and is now semi-wild, though much
degenerated in size, in the park of Chillingham; for I am informed by
Professor Ruetimeyer, to whom Lord Tankerville sent a skull, that the
Chillingham cattle are less altered from the true primigenius type than
any other known breed.[181]

_Bos trochoceros._--This form is not included in the three species
above mentioned, for it is now considered by Ruetimeyer to be the female
of an early domesticated form of _B. primigenius_, and as the
progenitor of his _frontosus_ race. I may add that specific names have
been given to four other fossil oxen, now believed to be identical with
_B. primigenius_.[182]

_Bos longifrons_ (or _brachyceros_) of Owen.--This very distinct
species was of small size, and had a short body with fine legs. It has
been found in England associated with the remains of the elephant and
rhinoceros.[183] It was the commonest form in a domesticated condition
in Switzerland during the earliest part of the Neolithic period. It was
domesticated in England during the Roman period, and supplied food to
the Roman legionaries.[184] Some remains have been found in Ireland in
certain crannoges, of which the dates are believed to be from 843-933
A.D.[185] Professor Owen[186] thinks it probable that the Welsh and
Highland cattle are descended from this form; as likewise is the case,
according to Ruetimeyer, with some of the existing Swiss breeds. These
latter are of different shades of colour from light-grey to
blackish-brown, with a lighter stripe along the spine, but they have no
pure white marks. The cattle of North Wales and the Highlands, on the
other hand, are generally black or dark-coloured.

_Bos frontosus_ of Nilsson.--This species is allied to _B. longifrons_,
but in the opinion of some good judges is distinct from it. Both
co-existed in Scania during the same late geological period,[187] and
both have been found in the Irish crannoges.[188] Nilsson believes that
his _B. frontosus_ may be the {82} parent of the mountain cattle of
Norway, which have a high protuberance on the skull between the base of
the horns. As Professor Owen believes that the Scotch Highland cattle
are descended from his _B. longifrons_, it is