of the nose 143
50. Madame Seiler's division of the registers 155
51. Appearance of the vocal bands when sounding first E and
then F sharp 164
52. Diagram to show the nature of registers and breaks 166
53. Diagram of the processes involved in singing 186
54. Highly magnified diagramatic representation of a section
through the superficial part of the great brain 188
55. Nerve-cell from the outer rind of the great brain, much
magnified 189
56. Position of parts in sounding the vowel A 219
57. Position of the parts in sounding I 220
58. Position of the parts in sounding OU 222
59. Position of the parts in sounding T, K, F, R, N, and P 227
60. Vertical section of the auditory apparatus 237
61. Diagram of the auditory apparatus 238
62. Two of the ear-bones (malleus and incus), enlarged 239
63. The complete chain of auditory ossicles 240

VOICE PRODUCTION

CHAPTER I.

THE CLAIMS AND IMPORTANCE OF VOCAL PHYSIOLOGY.

To know consciously and to do with special reference to guiding
principles are to be distinguished from carrying out some process
without bearing in mind the why or wherefore. Science is exact and
related knowledge, facts bound together by principles. Art is
execution, doing, and has not necessarily any conscious reference to
principles.

While every art has its corresponding science, their relation is in
some cases of much greater practical importance than in others. While
a painter may be the better for knowing the laws of light, there can
be no question that he may do very good work without any knowledge
whatever of the science of optics. He is at least in no danger of
injuring any part of his person.

Entirely otherwise is it with the voice-user. He employs a delicate
and easily injured vital apparatus. His results depend on the most
accurate adjustment of certain neuro-muscular mechanisms, and one
might suppose that it would be obvious to all who are concerned with
this art that a knowledge of the structure and functions of these
delicate arrangements of Nature would be at least of great if not of
essential importance. The engin