, too.

BITTUL-TORAH (Heb.). Interference with religious study.

BOBBE (Slav.). Grandmother; midwife.

BORSHTSH (Russ.). Sour soup made of beet-root.

CANTONIST (Ger.). Jewish soldier under Czar Nicholas I, torn from his
parents as a child, and forcibly estranged from Judaism.

CHALLEH (Heb.). Loaves of bread prepared for the Sabbath, over which the
blessing is said; always made of wheat flour, and sometimes yellowed
with saffron.

CHARIF (Heb.). A Talmudic scholar and dialectician.

CHASSIDIM (sing. Chossid) (Heb.). "Pious ones"; followers of Israel Baal
Shem, who opposed the sophisticated intellectualism of the Talmudists,
and laid stress on emotionalism in prayer and in the performance of
other religious ceremonies. The Chassidic leader is called Tzaddik
("righteous one"), or Rebbe. _See_ art. "Hasidim," in the Jewish
Encyclopedia, vol. vi.

CHAYYE ODOM. A manual of religious practice used extensively by the
common people.

CHEDER (pl. Chedorim) (Heb.). Jewish primary school.

CHILLUL HA-SHEM (Heb.). "Desecration of the Holy Name"; hence, scandal.

CHIRIK (Heb.). Name of the vowel "i"; in Volhynia "u" is pronounced like
"i."

DAVVENING. Saying prayers.

DAYAN (pl. Dayonim) (Heb.). Authority on Jewish religious law, usually
assistant to the Rabbi of a town.

DIN TORAH (Heb.). Lawsuit.

DREIER, DREIERLECH (Ger.). A small coin.

EIGHTEEN BENEDICTIONS. The nucleus of each of the three daily services,
morning, afternoon, evening, and of the "Additional Service" inserted on
Sabbaths, festivals, and the Holy Days, between the morning and
afternoon services. Though the number of benedictions is actually
nineteen, and at some of the services is reduced to seven, the technical
designation remains "Eighteen Benedictions." They are usually said as a
"silent prayer" by the congregation, and then recited aloud by the
cantor, or precentor.

ERETZ YISROEL (Heb.). Palestine.

EREV (Heb.). Eve.

ERUV (Heb.). A cord, etc., stretched round a town, to mark the limit
beyond which no "burden" may be carried on the Sabbath.

FAST OF ESTHER. A fast day preceding Purim, the Feast of Esther.

"FOUNTAIN OF JACOB." A collection of all the legends, tales, apologues,
parables, etc., in the Babylonian Talmud.

FOUR-CORNERS (trl. of Arba Kanfos). A fringed garment worn under the
ordinary clothes; called also Tallis-koton. _See_ Deut. xxii. 12.

FOUR ELLS. Minimum space required by a human being.

FOUR QUESTIONS. Put b