e also have records of the birth of the celebrated Doge,
Andreas Doria, by this method. Jane Seymour was supposed to have been
delivered of Edward VI by Cesarean section, the father, after the
consultation of the physicians was announced to him, replying: "Save
the child by all means, for I shall be able to get mothers enough."
Robert II of Scotland was supposed to have been delivered in this way
after the death of his mother, Margery Bruce, who was killed by being
thrown from a horse. Shakespere's immortal citation of Macduff, "who
was from his mother's womb untimely ripped," must have been such a
case, possibly crudely done, perchance by cattle-horn. Pope Gregory XIV
was said to have been taken from his mother's belly after her death.
The Philosophical Transactions, in the last century contain accounts of
Cesarean section performed by an ignorant butcher and also by a
midwife; and there are many records of the celebrated case performed by
Jacob Nufer, a cattle gelder, at the beginning of the sixteenth century.

By the advent of antisepsis and the improvements of Porro and others,
Cesarean section has come to be a quite frequent event, and a record of
the successful cases would hardly be considered a matter of
extraordinary interest, and would be out of the province of this work,
but a citation of anomalous cases will be given. Baldwin reports a case
of Cesarean section on a typical rachitic dwarf of twenty-four, who
weighed 100 pounds and was only 47 1/2 inches tall. It was the ninth
American case, according to the calculation of Harris, only the third
successful one, and the first successful one in Ohio. The woman had a
uniformly contracted pelvis whose anteroposterior diameter was about 1
1/4 inches. The hygienic surroundings for the operation were not of the
best, as the woman lived in a cellar. Tait's method of performing the
operation was determined upon and successfully performed. Convalescence
was prompt, and in three weeks the case was dismissed. The child was a
female of 7 1/2 pounds which inherited the deformities of its mother.
It thrived for nine and a half months, when it died of angina Ludovici.
Figure 15 represents the mother and child.

Harris gives an account of an operation upon a rachitic dwarf who was
impregnated by a large man, a baby weighing 14 pounds and measuring 20
inches being delivered by the knife. St. Braun gives the account of a
Porro-Cesarean operation in the case of a rachitic dwarf 3