el coast from 1768 to 1769, and which, within a year,
carried off 60,000 of those attacked. According to Rohe, Jasper Correa,
an officer in Vasco da Gama's expedition to Calicut, states that
Zamorin, the chief of Calicut, lost 20,000 troops by the disease.
Although cholera has frequently extended to Europe and America, its
ravages have never been nearly as extensive as in the Oriental
outbreaks. An excellent short historic sketch of the epidemics of the
cholera observed beyond the borders of India has been given by Rohe. In
1817 cholera crossed the boundaries of India, advancing southeasterly
to Ceylon, and westerly to Mauritius, reaching the African coast in
1820. In the following two years it devastated the Chinese Empire and
invaded Japan, appearing at the port of Nagasaki in 1822. It advanced
into Asiatic Russia, and appeared as far east as St. Petersburg in
1830, from whence it spread north to Finland. In 1831 it passed through
Germany, invading France and the western borders of Europe, entering
the British Isles in 1832, and crossing the Atlantic Ocean for the
first time, appeared in Canada, having been carried thence by some
Irish emigrants.

From Canada it directly made its way to the United States by way of
Detroit. In the same year (1832) it appeared in New York and rapidly
spread along the Atlantic coast.

"During the winter of 1832 it appeared at New Orleans, and passed
thence up the Mississippi Valley. Extending into the Indian country,
causing sad havoc among the aborigines, it advanced westward until its
further progress was stayed by the shores of the Pacific Ocean. In 1834
it reappeared on the east coast of the United States, but did not gain
much headway, and in the following year New Orleans was again invaded
by way of Cuba. It was again imported into Mexico in 1833. In 1835 it
appeared for the first time in South America, being restricted,
however, to a mild epidemic on the Guiana coast.

"In 1846 the disease again advanced beyond its natural confines,
reaching Europe by way of Turkey, in 1848. In the autumn of this year
it also appeared in Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden,
and the United States, entering by way of New York and New Orleans. In
the succeeding two years the entire extent of country east of the Rocky
Mountains was invaded. During 1851 and 1852 the disease was frequently
imported by emigrants, who were annually arriving in great numbers from
the various infected countri